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A Level Summer - Physics > Particle Physics (PP) > Flashcards

Particle Physics (PP) Flashcards

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1
Q

Fundamental particles:

A

No internal structure

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2
Q

Composite Particles:

A

have some internal structure

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3
Q

Proton quark composition:

A

UUD

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4
Q

Neutron quark composition:

A

UDD

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5
Q

Relative proton charge:

A

+1

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6
Q

Relative neutron charge:

A

0

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7
Q

Relative electron charge:

A

-1

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8
Q

Charge (C) of proton:

A

1.6x10 -19

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9
Q

Charge (C) of neutron:

A

0

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10
Q

Charge (C) of electron:

A

-1.6x10 -19

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11
Q

Mass (KG) of proton:

A

1.67x10 -27

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12
Q

Mass (KG) of neutron:

A

1.67x10 -27

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13
Q

Mass (KG) of electron:

A

9.11x10 -31

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14
Q

What is an AMU?

A

Atomic mass unit is one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 nucleus

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15
Q

How much is one Amu?

A

1.66x10 -27

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16
Q

Isotope:

A

Atom with different number of neutrons but same number of atoms and electrons

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17
Q

What is the specific charge:

A

Charge per unit mass of a particle

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18
Q

What is the equation for specific charge?

A

Charge (C) / Mass (Kg) = CKg-1

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19
Q

Why does an electron have a higher specific charge than a proton?

A

Although they both have the same magnitude of charge, the electron has a lower mass, so in the equation specific charge equation the specific charge of an electron will be higher.

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20
Q

What are the three features of antimatter?

A

Same exact mass, opposite charge, annihilates if it meets its matter pair, converting the total mass into photons.

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21
Q

State the antiparticle: electron

A

Positron

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22
Q

State the antiparticle: neutron

A

antineutron

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23
Q

State the antiparticle: neutrino

A

antineutrino

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24
Q

State the antiparticle: proton

A

antiproton

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25
Q

How is light described in the quantum model of light?

A

To be made up of small packets of energy called photons

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26
Q

State the photon energy equation:

A

plank’s constant x frequency

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27
Q

How is frequency related to wavelength?

A

wave speed = wavelength x frequency

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28
Q

State the equation for photon energy that includes wave speed and wavelength:

A

E = hc/wavelength

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29
Q

What does the number of photons determine?

A

the intensity of light

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30
Q

state the equation for power:

A

power = number of photons per second x hf

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31
Q

state the equation for power:

A

power = number of photons per second x hf

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32
Q

What is an electron volt?

A

the energy gained by an electron moving through a potential difference of 1V.

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33
Q

What does the Einstein equation state?

A

E=mc2 states the relationship between the mass of particle/antiparticle and its minimum energy

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34
Q

What is the rest mass?

A

the minimum mass of a particle when it is stationary

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35
Q

What is the rest energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy stored as mass when a particle is stationary

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36
Q

Can mass be conserved?

A

No, it can be converted into energy and vice versa.

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37
Q

Is energy conserved in particle reactions?

A

Yes

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38
Q

In particle physics calculations what must you consider regarding energy?

A

The rest energy and kinetic energy.

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39
Q

Total energy of particle =

A

rest energy + kinetic energy

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40
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle and antiparticle collide, producing at least two photons to conserve momentum.

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41
Q

In annihilation, when does the minimum photon energy occur?

A

When the particle and antiparticle have no kinetic energy.

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42
Q

particle + antiparticle ->

A

photon + photon

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43
Q

In annihilation and pair production total energy is conserved:

A

energy of photons –> rest energy of particles + kinetic energy of particles

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44
Q

What is pair production?

A

The creation of a particle and antiparticle from a photon.

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45
Q

photon ->

A

particle + antiparticle

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46
Q

When does alpha radiation occur?

A

When a nucleus contains too many nucleons it decays by emitting an alpha particle.

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47
Q

Two features of alpha radiation:

A

short range and ionising

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48
Q

composition of alpha decay:

A

4
2

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49
Q

How is beta decay evidence for the neutrino?

A

Wolfgang Pauli hypothesised that a small neutral particle was created and had some effect on the energy of the reaction. Must be neutral hence hard to detect.

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50
Q

What are the three types of neutrino?

A

(anti)electron neutrinos, (anti)muon neutrinos, (anti)tan neutrinos

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51
Q

Three features of a neutrino:

A

Travel close to the speed of light, extremely small mass, no charge

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52
Q

When does beta - radiation occur?

A

when a nucleus contains too many neutrons

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53
Q

What is the simple equation for beta minus decay?

A

Neutron: proton + electron + antineutrino

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54
Q

What is the composition of beta - decay?

A

0
-1

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55
Q

Two features of beta - :

A

ionising and long ranged

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56
Q

Why can the kinetic energy of a beta particle vary?

A

When it leaves the nucleus, as the energy is released it is shared between the electron (beta particle) and neutrino

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57
Q

When does beta + decay occur?

A

When a nucleus has too may protons

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58
Q

Equation for beta + decay:

A

proton –> neutron + positron + neutrino

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59
Q

Composition of beta + decay:

A

0
1

60
Q

How would you write a neutrino?

A

0
V
0

61
Q

Features of beta + decay:

A

long ranged and ionising

62
Q

When does gamma radiation/decay occur:

A

when a nucleus has too much energy and releases a photon

63
Q

What is gamma radiation a part of?

A

EM radiaiton

64
Q

What must there be for electron capture to occur?

A

the electron must have enough energy to create a neutron

65
Q

Why does electron capture only happen from electrons with large nuclei?

A

large potential energy

66
Q

What happens during electron capture?

A

Electrons from a higher energy shell fall into lower energy shell and emit and x-ray

67
Q

Can a free neutron decay?

A

A free neutron can decay into a proton (the rest energy decreases, the energy goes to the kinetic energy of the particles)

68
Q

Equation for electron capture:

A

proton + electron –> neutron + neutrino

69
Q

Can a free proton decay?

A

A free proton can decay into a neutron (the rest energy increases so energy is required for this to happen)

70
Q

free neutron decay equation:

A

neutron -> proton + B- + antineutrino

71
Q

free proton decay equation:

A

proton -> neutron + B+ + neutrino

72
Q

Draw the graph for electromagnetic force:

A

top to bottom y axis = repulsive to attractive (kN) -20-20
left to right x axis = separation (fm) 0-5
reciprocal graph type shape

73
Q

Draw the graph for the strong force:

A

top to bottom y axis = repulsive to attractive (kN) -20-20
left to right x axis = separation (fm) 0-5
cross x axis at 0.5
Straight line down from 20 -> -20
curve upwards at around 1.5 on x axis
plateau at 3 and almost reach x axis at 5

74
Q

What are exchange particles?

A

Virtual particles that cannot be detected directly but are exchanged during interactions

75
Q

what are the four fundaments forces and what they are felt by:

A

Strong force - quarks
Weak force - all particles
EM force - charged particles
gravitation - particles with mass

76
Q

What is the exchange particle of strong force?

A

pions between baryons

77
Q

What is the exchange particle of the EM force?

A

virtual photons

78
Q

What is the exchange particle of the weak force?

A

W+ and W-

79
Q

What are the three main branches of particle classification?

A

hadrons, exchange particles and leptons

80
Q

what is a hadron?

A

Particle made up of quarks and antiquarks, can interact via strong force

81
Q

What are the two subcategories of hadrons?

A

baryons and mesons

82
Q

What is a baryon?

A

Containing 3 quarks

83
Q

What is a meson?

A

Containing 2 quarks

84
Q

What is a lepton?

A

Cannot interact via strong force (i.e. electrons and neutrinos)

85
Q

What are the two sub categories of leptons?

A

Charged and uncharged

86
Q

What is an example of a charged lepton?

A

electron

87
Q

What is an example of an uncharged lepton?

A

Neutrino

88
Q

Through what forces can leptons interact?

A

Weak and EM

89
Q

What are muons?

A

Particles that share the characteristics of electrons but have higher mass

90
Q

Through what force do muons interact?

A

Weak force

91
Q

μ- –>

A

(via W-) electron + anti electron neutrino + muon neutrino

92
Q

μ+ –>

A

(via W+) positron + electron neutrino + anti muon neutrino

93
Q

Through what forces can hadrons interact?

A

Weak force, strong force and EM

94
Q

What are the 12 types of quarks?

A

(anti) up, (anti) down, (anti) strange, (anti) top, (anti) bottom, (anti) charm

95
Q

What are the only stable baryons?

A

Protons

96
Q

what will an isolated proton not do?

A

will not spontaneously decay as there is not a lighter particle for it to decay into

97
Q

What are the two different types of mesons?

A

Pions and kaons

98
Q

How can you describe the masses of mesons?

A

Their masses are in-between electrons and protons

99
Q

How are mesons usually formed?

A

via the strong interaction

100
Q

list all the mesons:

A

π+ π- π0 K+ K- K0

101
Q

overall what quarks do mesons contain?

A

a quark and antiquark pair

102
Q

What do K mesons decay into?

A

pi mesons, muons, antineutrinos or antimuons, neutrons

103
Q

What do charge pions decay into?

A

antineutrinos or antineutrinos, muons, neutrinos

104
Q

What do uncharged pions decay into?

A

high energy photons

105
Q

What do muons and anti muons decay into?

A

electrons, antineutrinos or positrons, neutrinos

106
Q

What (2) must be conserved in ALL interactions

A

energy and momentum

107
Q

Particles only decay into….

A

other particles that have a smaller rest energy

108
Q

What (5) other things must be conserved in particle interactions?

A

charge, lepton number, baryon number, quark fractions, strangeness

109
Q

What is lepton number?

A

No. leptons - No. anti leptons

110
Q

what is baryon number?

A

No. baryons - No. antibaryons

111
Q

What is strangeness?

A

No. antistrange quarks - No. strange quarks

112
Q

Which leptons have a lepton number 1?

A

electron, electron neutrino, muon-, muon neutrino

113
Q

Which leptons have a lepton number -1?

A

positron, anti electron neutrino, muon+, anti muon neutrino

114
Q

What has a baryon number of 1?

A

Baryons (neutrons and protons)

115
Q

What has a baryon number of -1?

A

Non baryons

116
Q

State the muon lepton number of all corresponding particles:

A

μ+ e+ V̄μ Ve
-1 0 -1 0

117
Q

State the electron lepton number of all corresponding particles:

A

μ+ e+ V̄μ Ve
0 -1 0 +1

118
Q

Why is lepton number conserved?

A
  1. leptons are created as particle anti particle pair
  2. leptons can be destroyed by annihilation
  3. leptons can turn into different types of leptons
119
Q

Why is baryon number conserved?

A
  1. Quarks can be created in particle antiparticles pair
  2. Quarks can be destroyed in annihilation
  3. in weak interactions, quarks can turn form one type into another
120
Q

How did strangeness come about?

A

scientists discovered that certain reactions that should be allowed, never occurred whilst others occurred very slowly, they realised these interactions which weren’t observed in reality but worked in theory only involved certain hadrons. Scientists deduced that there must be some other property which hadrons posses = strangeness

121
Q

What can happen to quarks in EM interactions?

A

In EM interactions quarks CANNOT turn from one type to another

122
Q

What happens to quarks in weak interactions?

A

IN weak interactions quarks CAN turn from one quark to another

123
Q

In which interactions must strangeness be conserved?

A

strong interactions

124
Q

In which interactions must strangeness not necessarily be conserved?

A

Weak

125
Q

Up quark charge:

A

+2/3

126
Q

Down quark charge:

A

-1/3

127
Q

Strange quark charge:

A

-1/3

128
Q

Anti up quark charge:

A

-2/3

129
Q

Anti down quark charge:

A

+1/3

130
Q

Anti strange quark charge:

A

+1/3

131
Q

Strange quark strangeness:

A

-1

132
Q

Anti strange quark strangeness:

A

+1

133
Q

Strangeness of non strange quarks:

A

0

134
Q

Baryon number of all non anti quarks:

A

+1/3

135
Q

Baryon number of all anti quarks:

A

-1/3

136
Q

Quark composition: π+

A

up + anti down

137
Q

Quark composition π0

A

up + anti up OR down + anti down OR strange + anti strange

138
Q

Quark composition of π-

A

anti up + down

139
Q

Quark composition of K+

A

up + anti strange

140
Q

Quark composition of K0

A

down + anti strange

141
Q

Quark composition of anti K0

A

anti down + strange

142
Q

Quark composition of K-

A

anti up + strange

143
Q

Strangeness of K+

A

+1

144
Q

Strangeness of K0

A

+1

145
Q

Strangeness of anti K0

A

-1

146
Q

Strangeness of K-

A

-1

A Level Summer - Physics (6 decks)

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