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Particle Physics > Particle Physics > Flashcards

Particle Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

List the four fundamental forces from weakest to strongest.

A
  • Gravitational
  • Electromagnetic
  • Weak Nuclear
  • Strong Nuclear
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2
Q

List the range, affects, purpose and magnitude of gravitational force.

A

R - Infinite
A - All particles
P - Attracts all matter
M - 10-³⁸

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3
Q

List the range, affects, purpose and magnitude of electromagnetic force.

A

R - Infinite
A - Charged particles
P - Atomic bonding
M - 10-²

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4
Q

List the range, affects, purpose and magnitude of weak nuclear force.

A

R - 10-¹⁸m
A - All particles
P - Beta decay
M - 10-⁷

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5
Q

List the range, affects, purpose and magnitude of strong nuclear force

A

R - 10-¹⁵m
A - Nuclear material (eg protons, neutrons)
P - Binds nucleus
M - 1

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6
Q

What is the Grand Unified Theory (GUT)?

A

The GUT merges electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear forces into one law of interaction.

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7
Q

What is the Theory of Everthing?

A

It integrates the gravitational force with the three other forces.

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8
Q

What are the conservation laws?

A
  • Conservation of mass/energy
  • Conservation of momentum
  • Conservation of charge
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9
Q

What is the Cockcroft and Walton experiment?

A

It is the first transmutation using artificially accelerated particles. This was done in a linear accelerator.

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10
Q

Describe Cockcroft and Walton’s experiment.

A
  • A hydrogen-discharge tube produces protons (hydrogen nuclei) which are introduced into the column.
  • A decreasing high voltage supply of 400kV-0V accelerate the protons towards the bottom of the tube.
  • The proton strikes a lithium target at 45° to the proton beam.
  • This produces two alpha particles (helium nuclei) moving 180° apart, left and right of the plate.
  • The alpha particles strike a zinc sulphide screen, which causes scintillations.
  • Each flash is observed by looking through a microscope on either side of the target.
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11
Q

State the relevance of the Cockroft and Walton experiment.

A
  • First particle accelerator
  • First artificial splitting of an atom
  • First transmutation of an atom
  • Verification of E=mc²
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12
Q

What is the equation produced from the Cockcroft and Walton experiment?

A

Li + H = He + He + EK

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13
Q

What is a proton proton collision equation?

A

p + p + Q1 = p + p + additional particles + Q2

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14
Q

What was the solution to missing momentum?

A

Neutrino

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15
Q

What are the benefits of circular accelerators over linear accelerators?

A

Higher speeds can be reached, therefore there is more kinetic energy, thus more new particles can be created

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16
Q

What is antimatter?

A

Antimatter is matter composed of antiparticles. Antimatter has identical mass but opposite charge and quantum spin to the original particle

17
Q

What is pair production?

A

The simultaneous creation of a particle and its antiparticle from electromagnetic energy

18
Q

State an equation for pair production.

A

Y = e- + e+ + EK + v(neutrino)

19
Q

What is pair annihilation?

A

The conversion of a particle and its corresponding antiparticle into electromagnetic energy

20
Q

State an equation for pair annihilation.

A

e- + e+ + EK= 2Y + v(neutrino)

21
Q

What is the particle zoo?

A

The zoo divides particles accordingly to which fundamental force affects them, their size and other characteristics to do with magnetic and quantum spin

22
Q

What is a quark?

A

An elementary particle which experiences all four fundamental forces and forms a basic constituent of matter

23
Q

What are the six flavours of quark?

A

Up, down, top, bottom, charm, strange

24
Q

What are leptons?

A

Leptons include all fundamental particles which are not subject to the strong nuclear force but are affected by the others. eg electron, muon, tau

25
Q

What are hadrons?

A

Hadrons are particles that feel all four forces. They are split into baryons and mesons

26
Q

What are baryons?

A

Particles composed of 3 quarks or antiquarks. They have a mass greater than or equal to that of a proton. eg proton, neutron, lambda, sigma

27
Q

What are mesons?

A

Particles composed of a quark and antiquark. They are between the size of an electron and proton. eg pion, kaon

28
Q

What is the quark composition of a proton and a neutron?

A

Proton = uud
Neutron = udd

Particle Physics (1 decks)

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