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particle model Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you find density?

A

mass/ volume

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2
Q

what is internal energy

A

The total energy that the systems particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores

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3
Q

What is latent heat?

A

The energy needed to change the state of a substance

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4
Q

What are the flat spots on the latent heat graphs?

A

What energy is being transferred by heating but not being used to change the temperature. potential energy increases/decreases

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5
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

The amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature

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6
Q

what is the specific latent heat for changing between a solid and liquid called?

A

Specific latent heat, fusion

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7
Q

What is the specific latent heat for changing between a liquid and a gas called?

A

specific latent heat of vaporisation

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8
Q

What formula do you use to work out The energy needed When a substance of mass changes state.

A

Energy equals mass times specific latent heat

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9
Q

What is potential energy?

A

The energy stored in a substance, because of its arrangement of particles

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10
Q

How do you find the internal energy of a substance?

A

Kinetic energy, plus potential energy

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11
Q

what is specific heat capacity measured in?

A

j/kg°c

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12
Q

what is specific heat capacity?

A

The amount of energy needed to raise something by 1°c

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13
Q

How can changes and pressure lead to changes in volume

A

The pressure of a gas causes a net outwards force at right angles. There is also a force on the outside of the container due to the pressure of the gas around it.

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14
Q

whos atom model came first

A

John Dalton

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15
Q

what is Dalton’s model

A

A solid sphere that could not be divided into smaller parts

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16
Q

What was the second atomic model after they discovered electrons?

A

Plumping

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17
Q

what is a plum pudding model?

A

Cloud of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

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18
Q

Who conducted the alpha scattering experiment?

A

rutherford

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19
Q

what was the Alpha scattering experiment?

A

Scientists fired, small positively charged particles called alpha particles at a piece of gold foil

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20
Q

what did the alpha scattering experiment tell us?

A

because some particles bounced back all were deflected, scientists suggest that Most of the mass of the atom was concentrated at the centre and a tiny nucleus, which must have a positive charge

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21
Q

What is the nuclear model?

A

an atom was a positively charged nucleus, surrounded by a cloud of negative electrons

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22
Q

Who refined the nuclear model?

A

neils bohr

23
Q

what did neils bohr do

A

calculated that electrons must orbit the nucleus at fixed distances 

24
Q

what did experiments provide evidence about protons?

A

The positive charge of a nucleus could be split into smaller particles each with an opposite charge to the electron.

25
Q

Who experimented after bohr

A

James Chadwick

26
Q

What did James Chadwick do?

A

Carry out experiments that provided evidence for particle with no charge called a neutron

27
Q

what is an isotope?

A

Atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of electrons

28
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

Unstable isotopes that decay into other elements and give out radiation as they try to become more stable

29
Q

What is alpha radiation?

A

When alpha particles is omitted from the nucleus

30
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

two Neutrons and two protons.

31
Q

Facts about alpha particles

A

Travel, short distance, blocked by paper
Very strong, ionising

32
Q

Facts about beta particles

A

travel far, blocked by aluminium

Weak

33
Q

What is a gamma ray?

A

Waves of electromagnetic radiation released by the nucleus

34
Q

Facts about gamma rays

A

travel very far, blocked by concrete or lead

The weakest

35
Q

What are nuclear equations?

A

A way of showing radioactive decay using element symbols

36
Q

how are nuclear equations written?

A

Atom before decay - Adam after decay + radiation admitted

37
Q

What must the total mass an atomic numbers be in nuclear equations?

A

Equal on both sides

38
Q

What happens to an atom when it admits an alpha particle?

A

The atomic number reduces by two and the mass number reduces by four

39
Q

What can alpha particles be written as in nuclear equations?

A

A helium nucleus 4 2 He

40
Q

Does beta decay increase or decrease the charge of a nucleus and why? 

A

it increases because a neutron turns into a proton and releases a fast, moving electron, so there are more protons, which increases the charge, but mass stays the same

41
Q

do gamma rays change the charge of mass of a nucleus?

A

No because they are way of getting rid of excess energy

42
Q

What do we use half?

A

To make predictions about radioactive sources

43
Q

what is a half-life?

A

Time taken for the number of unstable nuclei to half

44
Q

what is background radiation?

A

The low-level radiation surround us all the time

45
Q

where does background radiation come from?

A

Space, air, food, ground, sun, nuclear weapons and accidents

46
Q

What do we measure the activity of a half life?

A

becquerels (1 bq is 1 decay per sec

47
Q

what is irradiation?

A

Exposure to a radioactive source

48
Q

does a radiating something make it radioactive?

A

No

49
Q

what is nuclear fission

A

The type of nuclear radiation that is used to release energy from large and unstable, atoms by splitting them into smaller atoms

50
Q

What happens first in nuclear fission

A

The nucleus has to absorb a neutron before it can split

51
Q

what happens after it splits?

A

It forms two new lighter elements that are roughly the same size. Two or three neutrons are also released when it splits. If any moving slow enough to be absorbed by another nucleus, they can cause more fission to occur.

52
Q

how is energy transferred in nuclear fission

A

 Carried away by gamma I’m scared of the fall please don’t

53
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

When two light nuclei collide at high speed, and join to create a larger heavier nucleus

54
Q

How does fusion release a lot of energy?

A

Some of the mass of the lighter nucleus converted to energy

physics (2 decks)

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