Participles & Constructions

Question 1

What is a PP, how is it translated and recognised?

Answer 1

Present participle
-translated as ‘-ing’
-always has an ns or nt
-eg. portans = carrying

Question 2

What is a PPP, how is it translated and recognised?

Answer 2

Perfect passive participle
-translated as ‘having been-‘
-fourth principal part of any verb except deponents (mostly has a tus)
-eg. portatus = having been carried

Question 3

What is a PAP, how is it translated and recognised?

Answer 3

Perfect active participle
-translated as ‘having -ed’
-only deponent verbs have a PAP
-deponent verb which looks like PPP
-eg. conatus = having encouraged

Question 4

What is a FP, how is it translated and recognised?

Answer 4

Future participle
-translated as ‘about to -‘ or ‘going to -‘
-formed from the stem of the PPP
-always has ‘-urus,’ ‘urua’ or ‘urum’
-portaturus, portatura, portaturum = about to carry

Question 5

What is an ablative absolute?

Answer 5

-made up of at least one noun and participle in the ablative case
-tells us about an action that has been done before, at the same time or after the main verb
-the words in the AA are grammatically separate from the rest of the sentence

Question 6

How would you translate this ablative absolute?

mercator𝚎̲ in via ambulant𝚎̲, feles ululavit

Answer 6

Literally; With the merchant walking in the street, the cat howled.
Naturally; As/when/whilst the merchant was walking in the street, the cat howled.

Question 7

What is a gerundive of obligation?

Answer 7

-sentences in which an action ‘must be’ done by one or more people
-like geru𝗇̲𝖽̲ive, they always have endings with the letters ‘nd’ and end with ‘um’
-they agree with the noun that must be -ed

-if theres a dative, that noun is one who must do the action

Question 8

How would you translate this gerundive of obligation?

urbs capienda est

Answer 8

The city must be captured

Question 9

What if there’s a dative?

militibus urbs capienda est

Answer 9

-if theres a dative, that noun is one who must do the action
The city must be captured by the soldiers

Question 10

What does ad + gerundive = ? translate the following;

Caecilius in cubiculum venit ad dormiendum

Answer 10

Ad + gerundive = purple clause (in order to)

Caecilius went into the bedroom in order to sleep