Part2

Question 1

What is a virtual machine?

Answer 1

A software-based simulation of a computer that runs an OS independently.

Question 2

What is a hypervisor?

Answer 2

Software that creates and manages virtual machines (e.g., VirtualBox).

Question 3

What is an ISO file?

Answer 3

A disk image containing the entire OS installation files (e.g., Debian ISO).

Question 4

Why use virtualization?

Answer 4

To run multiple operating systems on one machine for testing or development.

Question 5

What is Debian?

Answer 5

A stable and widely-used Linux distribution.

Question 6

Name 3 essential Linux commands.

Answer 6

ls (list files), cd (change directory), mkdir (create directory).

Question 7

Where are system configurations stored in Linux?

Answer 7

/etc directory.

Question 8

How do you update software in Debian?

Answer 8

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Question 9

What is the root user?

Answer 9

The superuser with full control over the system.

Question 10

How do you create a new user in Debian?

Answer 10

sudo adduser username

Question 11

What does sudo do?

Answer 11

Allows a user to run commands with root privileges.

Question 12

How do you add a user to the sudo group?

Answer 12

sudo usermod -aG sudo username

Question 13

How do you change a user password?

Answer 13

passwd username

Question 14

What is SSH used for?

Answer 14

Securely accessing remote servers.

Question 15

How do you connect to a server via SSH?

Answer 15

ssh user@ip_address

Question 16

How do you disable root SSH login for security?

Answer 16

Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and set PermitRootLogin no.

Question 17

How do you restart the SSH service?

Answer 17

sudo systemctl restart ssh

Question 18

What does UFW stand for?

Answer 18

Uncomplicated Firewall.

Question 19

How do you enable UFW?

Answer 19

sudo ufw enable

Question 20

How do you allow SSH through UFW?

Answer 20

sudo ufw allow 22

Question 21

How do you deny all incoming traffic?

Answer 21

sudo ufw default deny incoming

Question 22

How do you list all UFW rules?

Answer 22

sudo ufw status

Question 23

What is crontab used for?

Answer 23

Scheduling automated tasks at specified times.

Question 24

How do you open the crontab editor?

Answer 24

crontab -e

Question 25

What does this cron job do? 0 2 * * * /path/to/script.sh

Answer 25

Runs the script at 2 AM every day.

Question 26

How do you list current cron jobs?

Answer 26

crontab -l

Question 27

How do you check disk usage?

Answer 27

df -h

Question 28

How do you check running processes?

Answer 28

top or htop

Question 29

Where are system logs stored?

Answer 29

/var/log

Question 30

How do you view the last 20 lines of a log file?

Answer 30

tail -n 20 /path/to/logfile

Question 31

What is partitioning?

Answer 31

Dividing a disk into sections to organize data.

Question 32

What is LVM?

Answer 32

Logical Volume Manager – a flexible way to manage disk space.

Question 33

How do you list all disk partitions?

Answer 33

lsblk

Question 34

How do you create a new partition?

Answer 34

sudo fdisk /dev/sdX

Question 35

What is a LAMP stack?

Answer 35

Linux, Apache, MySQL (MariaDB), PHP – used for web hosting.

Question 36

What does Lighttpd do?

Answer 36

A lightweight web server alternative to Apache.

Question 37

How do you start the Lighttpd service?

Answer 37

sudo systemctl start lighttpd

Question 38

How do you install WordPress on Debian?

Answer 38

1. Install MariaDB, PHP, and Lighttpd. 2. Download WordPress and configure it to connect to the database.

Question 39

How do you enforce password complexity?

Answer 39

Configure pam.d/common-password with rules for length and characters.

Question 40

How do you lock a user after failed login attempts?

Answer 40

Use faillock or pam_tally2.

Question 41

How do you disable unused ports?

Answer 41

sudo ufw deny port_number