part two : the league of nations and international peace

Question 1

what year was the league of nations formed?

Answer 1

• jan 10 1920.

Question 2

who gave the idea for the league of nations?

Answer 2

• president wilson gave the idea of the league of nations.
• he wanted it to be like a parliament where representatives of all nations could meet regularly to decide on any matters that affected them all without violence.
• the league should be apart of major peace treaties and in 1919 wilson took personal charge in drawing plans for the league.

Question 3

by February 1920, what plan did he come up with?

Answer 3

• all the major nations would join the league.
• they would all disarm.
• if they had a dispute they would bring the situation to the league and promise to accept the leagued decision.
• also had to promise to protect each other in an event of invasion and had to sign a covenant.
• if any country broke the covenant, the other members had to stop trading with them and send troops is necessary to stop fighting.

Question 4

why did the USA leave the league?

Answer 4

• wilson was facing problems as the congress wasn’t approving of the league.
• the congress stated that they did not want to get involved with european entanglements.
• wilson tired his best but in 1919 the congress voted no.
• in march 1920 he came back to the congress with the proposal but was defeated again.
• the USA never joined the league.

Question 5

who was in the league and how was the league supposed to work?

Answer 5

• after the USA, britain and france were the most powerful countries in the league.
• throughout the 1920s and 1930s they made the major decisions.
• however both country’s economies were destroyed due to WWI.
• they did not have the facilities to fill the gap left by the USA.
• the league felt that with the absence of the USA, the leagues trading sanctions would only work if the americans applied them.

Question 6

how many agencies where there in the league and what were their names?

Answer 6

• 5 major agencies.
• the council.
• the assembly.
• the permanent court of international justice.
• the international labour organisation.
• the secretariat.

Question 7

what did the council do?

Answer 7

• smaller group which met frequently for emergencies.

Question 8

what was the assembly?

Answer 8

• was the leagues parliament.
• every country in the league sent a representative to the assembly.
• they recommended action to the council.

Question 9

what was the permanent court of international justice?

Answer 9

• settled disputes between countries peacefully.
• the court was based in the Netherlands.
• court would give a decision on border disputed and gave advice to the assembly and the council.

Question 10

what did the international labour organisation do?

Answer 10

• brought together employers, governments and workers’ representatives once a year.
• aim was to improve the conditions of working people.

Question 11

what was the secretariat?

Answer 11

• civil service.
• kept records of league meetings and prepared reports for the agencies in the league.
• had special sections covering areas like health and economic matters.

Question 12

how many sections did the secretariat have and what are the names?

Answer 12

• 4.
• the mandates commission.
• the refugees committee.
• the slavery commission.
• the health committee.

Question 13

what was the mandates commission?

Answer 13

• mandates were former german territories and land ruled by britain and france on behalf of the league.
• the commission made sure that both countries acted in the interests of the people not by their interest.

Question 14

what was the refugee committee?

Answer 14

• helped to return refugees to their original homes after the end of WWI.

Question 15

what was was the slavery commission?

Answer 15

• worked to abolish slavery around the world.

Question 16

what was the health committee?

Answer 16

• they attempted to deal with the problem of dangerous diseases and to educate people about health and sanitation.

Question 17

what was the aaland islands crisis?

Answer 17

• in 1920 sweden and finland claimed the right to the aaland islands.
• the league investigated the issue and the territory was given to finland.
• sweden accepted this decision.

Question 18

what was the upper silesia crisis?

Answer 18

• in 1921 there was a dispute between poland and germany about the territory of upper silesia.
• the league sent troops for temporary control and they told the people to vote to decide.
• the industrial areas voted germany and the rural areas voted poland.
• the league then divided the country along these lines and both countries weer happy.

Question 19

what was the greek invasion of bulgaria crisis?

Answer 19

• in 1925 greece invaded bulgaria.

- the league ordered the greeks to withdraw and they did so.

Question 20

what was the vilna crisis?

Answer 20

• in 1920 poland invaded vilna.
• the leagues protestations were ignores and this illustrated the limited nature if the leagues actual powers to enforce decisions.

Question 21

what was the italian invasion of corfu crisis?

Answer 21

• in 1923 italy invaded the greek island of corfu.

- the league sided with italy and the greeks had to pay compensation even though italy was the aggressor.

Question 22

what was the locarno treaties?

Answer 22

• these were a series of treaties in switzerland.
• signed in london dec 1925.
• involved european countries like the USSR and Germany who were not part of the league.
• they had to settle land disputes.
• germany was later invited to join the league in 1926.

Question 23

what was the kellogg-briand pact?

Answer 23

• the US secretary frank b. kellogg and thefrench foreign minister aristide briand promiesed their counties to not use war in solving international disputes.
• this was seen as weakening of the league of nations.

Question 24

how did the depression affect international relations?

Answer 24

• USA not willing to use sanctions.
• Britain not willing to impose sanctions to damage its own economy.
• italy invades abyssinia to distract people from its own economic problems.
• depression hits germany badly. hitler came to power because of high unemployment.
• japan invades manchuria which has the raw materials it needs.

Question 25

what year was the manchurian crisis?

Answer 25

- 1931-1933.

Question 26

why did japan invade manchuria?

Answer 26

- claimed chinese forced sabotaged the southern railway that belonged to japan in manchuria. - invaded as 'self defence'. - threw out all chinese forces in manchuria.

Question 27

when and what was the puppet government?

Answer 27

- set up in 1932 by japan in manchuria which gave orders to the japanese army.

Question 28

what did japan do to shanghai?

Answer 28

- japanese aeroplanes and gunships bombed shanghai. | - japanese government told the forces to stop, orders were ignored by the forces.

Question 29

what did the league do to investigate?

Answer 29

- china asked league for help. - league was stuck as japan was a prominent member. - leagues officials took 1 year to investigate.

Question 30

what was the final verdict?

Answer 30

- manchuria to be returned to china.

Question 31

what happened on the 24th feb 1933?

Answer 31

- japan dod not withdraw, instead declared that they wanted to invade more of china as 'self defence'. - leagues report was approved by 42 votes against japan.

Question 32

what year did japan resign from the league and what did they do after?

Answer 32

- japan resigned from the league 27 march 1933. | - a week later they invaded jehol.

Question 33

what did the league think of this?

Answer 33

- league was powerless as to the USA was not part of the league. - the rule was to stop training with countries that broke the rule but the USA would carry on trading as they weren't in the league. - this caused the other members to disagree with the non trading rule as it would affect their economies as they were already damaged. - this showed the leagues weakness.

Question 34

what year was the Abyssinian crisis?

Answer 34

- dec 5 1934.

Question 35

what was the history between abyssinia and italy crisis?

Answer 35

- 1896 italy invaded abyssinia in hoping to get lanf and raw materials. - defeated by abyssinian troops. - mussolini wanted to seek revenge.

Question 36

what sparked the abyssinian crisis?

Answer 36

- there was a dispute between italian and abyssinian soldiers at Wal-Wal oasis. - mussolini saw the opportunity and claimed it as italian territory. - began preparing the italian army for battle.

Question 37

how did the league deal with this?

Answer 37

- british and french did not take it seriously as mussolini was the strongest ally against hitler. - 1935, they signed an agreement with hitler called the stresa front pact with mussolinis help. - britain and france came up with the hoare-laval deal.

Question 38

what was the hoare-laval deal?

Answer 38

- to give mussolini 2/3 of abyssinia in return for withdrawing his troops.

Question 39

why did the hoare-laval pact cause such outrage?

Answer 39

- the league was supposed to help smaller and less fortunate countries; they did the complete opposite.

Question 40

how did this affect the attitudes on the league?

Answer 40

- britain and france were seen as a blatant act of trechery against the league. - hoare and laval were both sacked but this did not stop the deal from taking place.

Question 41

why was there no sanctions opposed to italy?

Answer 41

- the league was concluding oil exchange bans on italy. | - america would still exchange oil with italy so there was no point in the sanctions.