PART ONE: PHYSIOLOGY 101 Flashcards
- ____ is the power received from electricity, fuel, food, and other sources to
do work or produce motion. - ____ is the physical or mental strength of a person that can be directed toward some
activity.
ENERGY
is any material in the universe that has mass and size.
MATTER
is the branch of science that deals with the identification of the
substances that matter is composed of, the study of their characteristics, and the ways that they
interact, combine, and change.
CHEMISTRY
means having to do with chemistry or the way that substances
are made up and the reactions and changes they go through.
is any substance that can undergo a chemical process or change.
When people refer to chemicals, they usually talking about man-made substances, but the
definition isn’t limited to just this meaning.
CHEMICAL
is a single living thing, such as a person, animal, or plant.
ORGANISM
is the basic unit of all living organisms.
Some living organisms exist only as a single cell. An average-sized man consists of 60 to 100
trillion cells.
Cells keep themselves alive, produce energy, exchange information with neighboring cells,
multiply, and die eventually when their time has come.
CELL:
is body material in animals and plants that consists of large numbers of
cells that are similar in form and function.
TISSUE:
are masses of tissue in the body, often attached to bones, that can
tighten and relax to produce movement.
MUSCLE:
is connected to the skeleton to form part of the
mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
SKELETAL MUSCLE:
is a natural oily or greasy substance found in animal bodies, especially when
deposited as a layer under the skin or around certain organs.
is a substance of this type made from animal or plant products that is used in cooking.
FAT:
is a form of fat found in animal fat products such as
cream, cheese, butter, lard, and fatty meats as well as in certain vegetable products such as
coconut oil, cottonseed oil, palm kernel oil, and chocolate.
is solid at room temperature. While it has long been believed that eating foods
high in saturated fat increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, more recent research has shown
this to be untrue.1
SATURATED FAT:
is a form of fat found in foods like avocado, nuts,
and vegetable oils, such as canola and olive oils. Meat products contain both saturated and
unsaturated fats.
Unsaturated fat is liquid at room temperature.
UNSATURATED FAT:
Trans fats are unsaturated fats that are uncommon in nature and created
artificially. This type of fat is found in processed foods like cereals, baked goods, fast food, ice
cream, and frozen dinners. Anything that contains “partially hydrogenated oil” contains trans
fat.
Nutritional authorities, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the European
Food Safety Authority, and the UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition, consider trans
fats harmful to our health and recommend reducing the consumption of trans fats to trace
amounts.
TRANS FAT:
An organ is made of a group of two or more types of tissue that work together to
achieve a specific function in an organism.
While your heart and lungs are organs, skeletal muscle is not an organ because a muscle is
just one type of tissue.
ORGAN:
A gram is a unit of weight in the metric system. One pound is about 454 grams.
GRAM:
A kilogram is equal to 1,000 grams, or 2.2 pounds.
KILOGRAM:
A milligram is one thousandth of a gram.
MILLIGRAM:
Celsius is a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils
at 100 degrees.
In the Fahrenheit scale used in the United States, water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at
212 degrees.
CELSIUS:
A calorie is a measurement unit of energy potential.
When we talk about the heat output of an organism or the energy value of food, calorie
refers to the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
This is also known as a kilocalorie or large calorie.
CALORIE:
A nutrient is a substance that gives a living body something that it needs to
live and grow.
NUTRIENT:
Food is material taken into the body to provide it with the nutrients it needs for
energy and growth. Food is essentially fuel for the body.
FOOD:
An element (also called a chemical element) is a substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts by a chemical reaction. There are more than 100 elements, and they are the primary building blocks of matter.
ELEMENT:
A compound is a substance made up of two or more different elements.
COMPOUND:
A molecule is the smallest particle of any compound that still exists as that
substance. If you were to break it down any further, it would separate into the elements that
make it up (meaning it would no longer exist as that original substance).
MOLECULE:
An acid is a chemical compound that usually eats away at materials and often tastes
sour.
ACID:
Proteins are naturally occurring compounds that are used for growth and repair
in the body and to build cells and tissues.
PROTEIN:
Amino acids are small units of material that are used to build protein.
AMINO ACID:
A gas is a substance that is in an air-like form (not solid or liquid).
GAS:
Carbon is a common nonmetallic chemical element found in much of the
matter on earth and in all life.
CARBON:
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless gas and is necessary for most living things to
survive.
OXYGEN:
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, flammable gas. It is the simplest and most
abundant chemical element in the universe.
HYDROGEN:
A carbohydrate is a molecule composed of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen and serves as a source of energy for animals.
CARBOHYDRATE:
Digestion is the process of breaking down food so that the body can absorb
and use it.
DIGESTION:
An enzyme is a substance produced by organisms that causes specific chemical
reactions.
ENZYME:
Metabolism is the term for the series of processes that break down
molecules from food to release energy, which is then used to fuel the cells in the body and to
create more complex molecules used for building new cells.
Metabolism is necessary for life, and it is how the body creates and maintains the cells that
make it up.
METABOLISM:
Anabolism is a metabolic process in which energy is used to make more complex substances (such as tissue) from simpler ones. This is also known as constructive metabolism.
ANABOLISM:
Catabolism is the production of energy through the breakdown of complex
molecules (such as muscle or fat) into simpler ones.
This is also known as destructive metabolism.
CATABOLISM:
