Part II Citation: Citation of Primary Resources

Question 1

Generally, cite cases by using the form ___. When used in the body, italicize the __
of the case and place the source or citation as a footnote.

Answer 1

(last name of first party v. last name of opposing party), (reporter volume), (reporter abbreviation), (first page of decision in reporter), (year of promulgation); title

Question 2

When the case is reported in an unofficial reporter, i.e. a secondary source, use the form __. When the case is unreported, follow the preceding sentence and
simply omit the reporter information.

Answer 2

(last name of of first party v. last name of opposing party), (docker number), (reporter volume), (reporter abbreviation), (first page of decision in specific page number), (specific page no. of reporter), (year of promulgation)

Question 3

Use the abbreviations or acronyms by which public parties are commonly known such as __. For abbreviations of decisions written in Spanish, use the English equivalent (e.g.
“People,” not “Pueblo,” for “El Pueblo de Filipinas”). Following international practice, “United
States” is (to be/not to be) abbreviated into “U.S.” when used in court decisions.

Answer 3

“People of the Philippines” is abbreviated to “People,” “Republic of the Philippines” is shortened to
“Republic”; not to be

Question 4

For natural persons, use __ in party names. However, when the name is __ where names begin with the last name, cite the name in full.

Answer 4

last names only and omit titles, prefixes, and suffixes; Islamic, entirely in Mandarin or in another Oriental language

Question 5

As to __ names, the general rule in Rule 11.1.1 should be followed.

Answer 5

Western or modern Oriental

Question 6

Cite compound names in __.

Answer 6

full

Question 7

When there are multiple co-parties, refer only to the __ on each side. Do not use __.

Answer 7

first; “et al.”

Question 8

If two or more actions are consolidated in one decision, cite only __ listed. The same goes for the __ only that of the first case is used.

Answer 8

the case title of the first; docket number

Question 9

For __, cite the name in full, but apply common abbreviations whenever applicable. __ out acronyms, unless they form part of the actual name. (Do/Do not) omit suffixes that indicate a corporation such as “Inc.” and “Corp.” Do not omit first names or middle initials when a person’s name is used as __.

Answer 9

private juridical persons and tribunals or bodies as parties; Spell; part of a juridical person’s name.

Question 10

For labor organizations, only the names of the independent ___
need to be spelled out. The names of ___ may be abbreviated using their
widely accepted initialisms. Separate the name of the affiliate or local chapter from the federation
using an __.

Answer 10

unions, local chapters, and affiliates; federations or labor centers; en dash

Question 11

For local government units, indicate the type of unit using prefixes such as ___. When particular government entities are named, use the __, but apply common abbreviations.

Answer 11

“Province of”, “City

of”, or “Municipality of”; complete name

Question 12

For cases that begin with procedural terms, use the italicized prefix __ and the ___ of the person concerned or the subject of the decision.

Answer 12

“In re”; last name

Question 13

Administrative cases beginning with “Re:” should be rendered __. Omit other subject matters of the case after the first. Indicate the __ and omit__ references.

Answer 13

In re ; relevant court branches; geographical

Question 14

Old Philippine Supreme Court cases are commonly reported in the __, and
more recent ones are found in the __. In case an author
uses a less commonly-used reporter (e.g. the recent volumes of the Philippine Reports), it is
recommended that one replace the reference or add the reference to the commonly-used reporter.
If necessary, one may also refer to the __.

Answer 14

Philippine Reports (“Phil.”); Supreme Court Reports Annotated (“SCRA”); Official Gazette (“O.G.”)

Question 15

When the case is being cited in general and no particular page is referred to, omit the ____ page. If, however, the first page is referred to, do not omit the reference.

Answer 15

reference to

a specific

Question 16

The convention is to footnote the first instance of a case name with a __ to the case,
then footnote succeeding points with specific references. (Note that case names are italicized in
text, but not in citations.)

Answer 16

general citation

Question 17

When the reporter citation is unavailable, omit it and rely on the __.
This is used for very recent and still unpublished decisions.

Answer 17

docket number and full date.

Question 18

When referring to copies of decisions initially released by the Court instead of copies printed in
reporters, use __ after the date to refer to specific pages. Add a description of the __ the
first time it is cited. Note that because of the limited availability of such copies, such page citations
will rarely be useful

Answer 18

“at”; source

Question 19

.When referring to a separate opinion, add ___ to the end of the citation. Cite the first page of the decision and not the first page. of the separate opinion as the first page. Note that the “J.” is italicized. This notation may also be
used to emphasize the ponente in a majority decision.

Answer 19

“(name, J., description )” or “(name, C.J., description

)”

Question 20

If the case is reported as ex parte ___, omit the first name.
“Ex parte” is italicized.

Answer 20

first name party, last name party

Question 21

Abbreviate “on the relation of”, “for the use of”, “on behalf of”, “as next friend of”, and similar expressions to __. Use the form __. This abbreviation is italicized.

Answer 21

“ex rel.”; ex rel.

Question 22

In special proceedings where the case contains both an adversary (i.e. v. ) and a
non-adversary name (i.e. In re ), cite the ___ name first, followed by the __
name in parentheses. Use the appropriate procedural phrase in Rules 11.1.20 – 21 for the
nonadversary name

Answer 22

adversary: nonadversary

Question 23

Cite other Philippine cases and administrative decisions by using the form ___. Reproduce
the full docket number and notation used, and apply the rules on case titles as in Rule 11.1. For
trial courts, indicate the __ after the name of the court.

Answer 23

case title, full docket number, court or body rendering the decision, date of promulgation;

branch and area

Question 24

Except for the commonly-used abbreviations of judicial and quasi-judicial bodies in Table 9, (do not spell/spell) out the deciding body’s name.

Answer 24

spell

Question 25

“Id.” may be used with cases, but never ___. Use “Id.” only when the repeated citation is within
__ footnotes. Considering the length of Philippine case citations, it cannot be emphasized enough
that ignoring this rule leads to embarrassingly grotesque formats.

Answer 25

“supra”; two

Question 26

The abbreviated case name is commonly the __ name, unless the second more clearly
identifies the case, such as when the first party name is a government reference such as “People”
or “Republic.” Whenever using the abbreviation, italicize the short form.

Answer 26

first party

Question 27

In case of nonconsecutive but repetitive references to a case, one may use the short form
___, omitting other information that would be repeated. Use this short form only when the
subsequent reference is on the same page or roughly within five footnotes of the full citation, and
the name is unambiguous.

Answer 27

abbreviated case name, reporter volume, reporter abbreviation, at specific page reference

Question 28

When a case is referred to throughout an article or the name is exceptionally long, one may also
use to use a parenthetical ___ and use this in place of the full reference in succeeding footnotes. Cite the whole ___ information, but remove the __. Afterwards, apply Rule 11.3.2. as needed

Answer 28

“[hereinafter “name”]”; reporter; docket number and

date of promulgation

Question 29

Use “CONST.” in __. Cite specific articles using “art.” with no comma in between “CONST.” and “art.”

Answer 29

small caps

Question 30

For a constitution no longer in force, add the year __immediately next to “CONST.”
Cite specific articles by adding a comma then citing normally.

Answer 30

(in parentheses)

Question 31

For a foreign constitution, precede “CONST.” with the __ abbreviation.

Answer 31

proper country or state

Question 32

For an amendment, use __instead of “art.” This is generally used for references to the
United States Constitution.

Answer 32

“amend.”

Question 33

When referring to a code, use the appropriate abbreviation in __; the list of abbreviations
is in Table 8.1. If the code is not listed in the said table, apply the common abbreviations, omitting
__ such as “the” and “of”. If there is no abbreviation, retain the full name
but still use small caps.

Answer 33

small caps; articles and prepositions

Question 34

Because Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to add
a __ indicating the __ the first time the code is cited in the work.

Answer 34

comment; actual law

Question 35

For codes, reference to the year need (be/not be) included, except when the cited code is one that has
already been superseded or repealed.

Answer 35

not be

Question 36

Codes written in Spanish often have an official or commonly-used English translation. When
reference is to the English translation, apply the abbreviations in Table 8.1. When reference is to the Spanish original, cite the __ and apply Rule 12.2.1. As a general rule, use the __ unless there is a conflict and the Spanish original has been held to be controlling

Answer 36

actual name of the code; English translation

Question 37

If the law is not a code, use __. The common abbreviations of law forms are in Table 8.2.

Answer 37

law form, year of effectivity, reference

Question 38

Use abbreviations when citing __ materials. The common abbreviations of legislative materials are in Table 8.3.

Answer 38

constitutional legislative

Question 39

To cite the Record or Journal of the Constitutional Commission, use the form __.

Answer 39

volume, reference number, reference number, date

Question 40

To cite a Senate or House Bill, use the form __. For
section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the short name and the
author or the short name with a comment.

Answer 40

reference, congress, session, year

Question 41

To cite House or Senate Resolutions, use the form __.
For section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the short name of
the Resolution with a comment.

Answer 41

reference, congress, session year,

Question 42

Cite Committee Reports by using the form __. Indicate

the name of the committee/s.

Answer 42

reference, congress, session, year

Question 43

To refer to Congressional Journals, cite using this form: __.

Answer 43

reference, congress, session, date

Question 44

In general, cite an executive issuance or administrative regulation as __. See Table 8.4 for common abbreviations of executive and administrative issuances. Cite the issuing agency’s name in __ instead of its common abbreviation, unless one introduces
subsequent references using __. Do not omit the date even if evident from the
regulation’s serial number.

Answer 44

one would a regular statute; full; “hereinafter.”

Question 45

For Executive Orders, Proclamations, Administrative Orders, Letter of Instructions and General
Orders issued by the President, this format may be uniformly used: __.
You may indicate the short name with a comment

Answer 45

reference, number, year (plus short name with comment if necessary)

Question 46

For Opinions of executive offices, cite using this form:

Answer 46

type of opinion, number, date

Question 47

To cite provincial, city and municipal ordinances, use the form: __. You may indicate the short name of the ordinance, if any

Answer 47

provincial, city, municipality, type of issuance, no., serial no., date of adoption

Question 48

To cite legislative acts of the autonomous regions—presently, only the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao—use the form __. You may indicate the short name of the ordinance,
if any.

Answer 48

abbreviation of autonomous region, type of act, No., serial number, date of adoption
,

Question 49

Although not a statute, the Rules of Court are cited in the same way a codified law is, except one
uses “Rule” instead of “art.” Use __. Note that “Rule” is
capitalized

Answer 49

RULES OF COURT, Rule

Question 50

To refer to rules no longer in force, enclose the __ after “RULES OF COURT”

Answer 50

year in parentheses

Question 51

For reglementary issuances of the Supreme Court (e.g. Rules on the Writ of Amparo), refer to
Table 9. If no prescribed form under Table 9 applies, apply the rules on __.

Answer 51

legislative materials

Question 52

For conventions and multilateral treaties, use the form __. One may add the date of entry into force or ratification in a comment after the citation.

Answer 52

name of agreement, cited article, date of signing, reporter citation or link to the document,

Question 53

For bilateral treaties, add the two countries’ abbreviations and connect these with a dash, using the form __. See Table 4 for a list of abbreviations of countries.

Answer 53

name of agreement, cited article, date of signing, abbreviated names of parties to agreement, reporter citation or document

Question 54

Do not use __ as short forms for constitutions or statutes, including treaties. For consecutive footnotes, you may use the __ alone after the first, omitting the reference to the statute, but including references to the article, rule, or the like, under which
the section or article falls. Note that because United States law is primarily cited using codified versions, Philippine statute citations are relatively shorter.

Answer 54

id. or supra; section or article reference

Question 55

For nonconsecutive footnotes referring to a statute after the first reference, it is permissible to use
section or article references alone if the reference is on the same page or within roughly __
footnotes of the full citation. However, if this short form appears confusing, especially because of section references to other sources, use the __ with the section or article reference, and omit the other data

Answer 55

five; statute or bill reference

Question 56

One may opt to use a short name, indicated by a parenthetical __ before
the section reference in the first fill statute reference. Use the same short forms, but use the indicated short name in place of the statute or bill reference.

Answer 56

“[hereinafter “”]”

Question 57

When using a comment to introduce a statute’s short name, the following forms are permissible and ordered according to preference: __. As far as practicable, apply the first option.

Answer 57

(1) simply indicating the title after the citation; (2) attaching a descriptive phrase; (3) adding a descriptive sentence

Question 58

Books, pamphlets, formal reports, and other nonperiodical materials of substantial length are
distinguished from other sources by setting their titles and authors in small caps. Use the form
__. The volume number
may either be in roman or Hindu-Arabic numerals, depending on how the work used the same,
while the author’s name must follow Rule 2.1. There is no __ between the title of the work and the page number, but there should be a comma if instead of a page number, reference is made to a subdivision (see example in Rule 13.2.2)

Answer 58

volume number, author, title, page no., year published; comma

Question 59

If an author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an institution, specify this institution after the author’s name (i.e. __ etc.); otherwise, specify the institution as the author. If a work is part of a series,
include the series number as part of the title.

Answer 59

name of author, name of institution, title of work

Question 60

If a source has multiple editions, specify the edition by adding the notation __
with the year, using no comma.

Answer 60

“ed.” in parentheses

Question 61

If a source has an editor, editors, or a translator, specify these with the notation__, respectively, followed by a comma.

Answer 61

“ed.”, “eds.”, and

“trans.”

Question 62

When referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later publication by another publisher,
specify the __ in another parenthetical __ as follows

Answer 62

edition or publisher information; before the year

Question 63

When referring to a short work in a collection, use the form __. Set the name of the collection in small caps, but if the collection features the work of only one author, format his name in small caps as well. In exceptional cases where books are compiled in a collection, format both the author’s name and the title in small caps. One may specify the publisher of the compilation if it helps identify the
collection.

Answer 63

author, title, in title of collection, page number, year published

Question 64

Academic journals are among the most commonly-cited secondary sources in academic writing. Use the form __.

Answer 64

author, title of article in italics, volume number, Journal abbreviation in small caps, first page of article, specific page number if applicable, year published

Question 65

Note that only the journal abbreviation is in __. These abbreviations need not be memorized, and are created using standard geographic and commonly-used abbreviations. Thus, for example, the Philippine Law Journal is “PHIL. L.J.” Only a number of institutions enjoy special
abbreviations such as Harvard (“HARV.”) and Columbia (“COLUM.”). See Table 6 for abbreviations of foreign and local journals

Answer 65

small caps

Question 66

When the journal uses the year as its __, omit the year in parentheses.

Answer 66

volume number

Question 67

When the article is prefixed by a description such as “Note”, “Comment”, or “Essay”, place this
__ but do not italicize.

Answer 67

before the title

Question 68

Magazines and ordinary periodicals differ in that they are commonly referred to by date and not
by volume number. Use the form __.

Answer 68

author, title in italics, periodical title in small caps, dates at first page of article, specific page number

Question 69

The title of the article is __ The title of the publication is set in __.

Answer 69

italicized; small caps

Question 70

For newspapers and daily publications, use the form __. If the newspaper’s title does not reveal its
country of publication, specify this in parentheses. For example, “TODAY (PHIL.).

Answer 70

author, title in italics, newspaper abbreviation, date at specific page number

Question 71

For opinion columns and other running pieces, add the title of the column __ the title of the
article, but separate these using a __ instead of a comma.

Answer 71

before; colon

Question 72

For miscellaneous sources, if referring to a document that is
formally catalogued such as United Nations Documents, use the form __.

Answer 72

author, title, at specific page number equivalent pinpoint citation, reference number, date

Question 73

For miscellaneous sources, otherwise (Rule 13.5.1), use the simpler form __, but one is advised to note where the document is located. This is often used for unpublished papers. For
academic works such as theses, however, specify the institution and relevant degree

Answer 73

author, title, at specific page number, date

Question 74

Use the same form for letters, interviews, speeches, and the like, but prefix them with descriptive
phrases such as __. When applicable,
specify the __.

Answer 74

“Letter from… to”, “Interview with” and “Speech delivered”; venue or the occasion

Question 75

Cite Internet sources the same way one would similar conventional sources (for example, online versions of books are cited using small caps), but add a __ and then __ if the source is found exclusively on the Internet, or __ if the source is an Internet copy of a conventional source. The URL citation may replace a reporter citation, or may be cited in addition
to a conventional citation.

Answer 75

comma; “at ”; “available at ”

Question 76

If an Internet source is undated, add the last date the website was __ in parenthesis. If this information is not available, indicate when the website was last checked.

Answer 76

updated or modified

Question 77

If a web page has no equivalent conventional source, it is easily cited using __.

Answer 77

author, title page in italics, at url

Question 78

The title of the page or the article cited is __. The name of the website is set in __.

Answer 78

italicized; small caps

Question 79

If the website is an official website, its name may be cited as __ website

Answer 79

organization

Question 80

The following rules control for the foreign materials they specifically govern. When the foreign
material is not covered by the following rules but can be cited following the above rules, the latter
apply. Otherwise, the __ applies

Answer 80

Bluebook

Question 81

Because even electronic copies of American and other foreign decisions follow reporter citations,
simply use the form __. There is no need to specify the docket number unless the case is recent and has not yet been published

Answer 81

last name of first party v. last name of of opposing party, reporter volume, reporter abbreviation, first page of decision in reported specific page number of reporter, year of decision

Question 82

Lower court rulings commonly specify the __ before the year.

Answer 82

court

Question 83

Refer to the __ for other forms such as those specifying old American reporters. Consider these optional, however, and avoid using multiple reporters and lengthening the citation
by noting, for example, how certiorari was denied. Such detail is of lesser use to non-American readers.

Answer 83

BLUEBOOK

Question 84

When a reporter citation form already uses the year as the volume number, __ from the citation. If the full date is necessary, merely omit the __.

Answer 84

omit the year; year

Question 85

For international decisions and arbitrations, omit prefixes such as “Case Concerning.” Add a parenthetical __ after the case name, unless the decision is an advisory opinion. For cases decided by the International Court of Justice, use
generally the form __. For cases decided by other tribunals, replace the date with __. Note that the full date is specified in these citations and, unlike domestic decisions, is enclosed in parentheses

Answer 85

(country abbrev. v. country abbrev.);

(case title, parties, stage, reporter citation pinpoint citation, date without the year)

(abbreviated name of tribunal, year if published, full date, if not published)