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Bacterial Phys. > Part II > Flashcards

Part II Flashcards

1
Q

The cell membrane has a very broad range of _________ activities and is ________________

A

physiological; selectively permeable

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2
Q

The plasma membrane serves as a barrier to _________, _____ ______, and _______

A

sugars, amino acids, salts

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3
Q

What two things pass freely across the cell membrane?

A

water and gases

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4
Q

The cell membrane is permeable to all ______ - __________ molecules

A

water soluble

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5
Q

Most solutes must be brought into the cell through ___________

A

transporters

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6
Q

What two ions cannot pass through the cell membrane freely?

A

H+ and OH-

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7
Q

A ________ membrane is required for all living cells and ensures the directional flow of ____

A

charged; ions

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8
Q

The cell membrane is actively involved in _________ ________ by active transport process

A

importing solutes

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9
Q

True or False
The cell membrane is not actively involved in generating energy

A

False

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10
Q

True or False
The cell membrane is actively involved in exporting proteins for construction of molecular structures outside of the plasma membrane

A

True

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11
Q

True or False
The cell membrane is actively involved in exporting polysaccharides for capsule formation

A

True

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12
Q

The cell membrane is involved in processing signals across the membrane. This is needed for ______ _________, __________________, and synthesizing _______ factors

A

quorum sensing, chemiluminescence, virulence

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13
Q

The cell membrane responds to _________ changes to promote changes in lipids in order to maintain proper characteristics of cell

A

temperature

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14
Q

The cell membrane transports precursor molecules for the construction of _______________ and _________________

A

peptidoglycan; lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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15
Q

True or False
The cell membrane does not participate in cell division

A

False. The cell membrane interacts with DNA to influence DNA replication

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16
Q

The cell membrane consists primarily __________ and proteins in a ______ __________

A

phospholipids; fluid mosaic

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17
Q

Membrane lipids account for __ to ___ of the total dry weight of BACTERIAL CELLS

A

2- 10%

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18
Q

Membrane lipids account for ___ to ___ of the total dry weight of PLASMA MEMBRANE

A

20- 40%

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19
Q

What are the three categories of lipids in the cell membrane?

A

Neutral lipids
Lipoconjugate
Polar lipids

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20
Q

Neutral lipids: free _____ _____ and ______ esters

A

fatty acids; sterol

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21
Q

Lipoconjugate: contains lipid plus ___________ ; ______________

A

polysaccharides (or proteins) ; Amphiphilic

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22
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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23
Q

Polar lipids consists of ________ and ___________

A

phospholipids; glycolipids

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24
Q

True or False
Phospholipids are the predominant form of lipid found in bacterial membranes

A

True

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25
Q

_______ serves as a backbone to support attachment of fatty acids, alcohols, or phosphates

A

Glycerol

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26
Q

Fatty acids are bound to a C-1 or C-2 position of _______

A

glycerol

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27
Q

True or False
The fatty acid in positions R1 and R2 can be different

A

True

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28
Q

True or False
The composition of fatty acids cannot change when the environment changes

A

False
Example: More fatty acids become saturated when growth occurs at high temperatures; this is to maintain fluidity

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29
Q

Phospholipid fatty acids (PFLA) are used to help ______ bacteria

A

identify

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30
Q

True or False
Archaea have the same PLFA as bacteria

A

False, BacTeria FAs are typically ESTER linked to glycerol, while archaea are typically ether linked to glycerol

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31
Q

What percentage of total phospholipids are found in the cell membrane?

A

65%-75%

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32
Q

Where are the rest of the phospholipids that are not located in the cell membrane?

A

In the outer membrane and cytoplasm

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33
Q

Phospholipids influence the _____ density on the membrane

A

charge

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34
Q

Phospholipids are important in ______ __________ processes (chemotaxis)

A

signal transduction

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35
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

proteins imbedded in the membrane; bound to FAs by hydrophobic bonding; removal by detergents

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36
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

attached at membrane surfaces to phospholipids by ionic interactions; removal by washing with salt solutions

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37
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

water channels that enhance rapid equilibration of water across the cell membrane

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38
Q

What are Bayer’s Patches?

A

adhesion sites

39
Q

Bayer’s Patches connect what two membranes?

A

outer membrane and plasma membrane

40
Q

Where is the periplasm located in Gram Negative bacteria?

A

between the cell membrane and the outer membrane

41
Q

Where is the periplasm located in Gram Positive bacteria?

A

between the cell membrane and the peptidoglycan layer

42
Q

Oligosaccharides are a component of the periplasm. What function do they serve?

A

involved in osmotic regulation

43
Q

Cytochrome C is a component of the periplasm, what is its function?

A

cytochrome c oxidizes carbon compounds and delivers the electron to the ETC in the cell membrane

44
Q

True or False
Hydrolytic enzymes degrade nutrients to smaller molecules that can be transported across the membrane by transporters

A

True

45
Q

Is catalase a detoxifying agent?

A

yes

45
Q

What is the location and function of Ton B

A

Location: originates in the plasma membrane and extends to the outer membrane (in E. coli)
Function: required for the uptake of certain solutes including iron siderophores and vitamin B12 against a huge concentration gradient

45
Q

The peptidoglycan layer protects from lysis in what kind of solutions?

A

hypotonic solutions

45
Q

NAG and NAM are attached to each other by __ - ____________

A

B - 1,4 linkages

45
Q

The peptidoglycan layer is composed of _______ chains cross-linked by _________

A

glycan; peptides

45
Q

Do archaea have a peptidoglycan layer?

A

No, archaea have a pseudopeptidoglycan layer

45
Q

True or False
Attached to NAM is a tetrapeptide that crosslinks the glycan chains via peptide bonds

A

True

46
Q

What is the difference in cross linking between Gram - and Gram +

A

Gram - cross linking is direct while Gram + cross linking usually involves a peptide bridge (pentapeptide bridge)

46
Q

In Gram +, teichoic acids are attached to the peptidoglycan layer via…

A

covalent bonds between glycerol phosphate to NAM

46
Q

How many FAs in Lipid A?

A

5-7 (NAG dimer)

46
Q

The outer membrane of a Gram - bacteria is composed of what?

A

LPS, phospholipid, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

46
Q

True or False
LPS is not an endotoxin

A

False

46
Q

Lipid A is the the membrane __________ region of LPS

A

anchoring

46
Q

Does Lipid A illicit a strong immune response?

A

yes

46
Q

The Core of LPS is attached to __ position on one of the _____ and is a chain of ______

A

6; NAGs; sugars (KDO and heptose)

46
Q

O-antigen contains up to ___ repeats of _____ sugars

A

40, 3-5

46
Q

True or False
O-antigen is connected to the Core

A

True

47
Q

Porins form small __________ channels through the outer membrane to allow for _______ of small solutes

A

hydrophilic; diffusion

47
Q

What are the three major porins in E. coli?

A

PhoE, OmpF, OmpC

48
Q

True or False
OmpF is present under all growth conditions

A

True

49
Q

PhoE is present only when ________ is in limited supply

A

phosphate

50
Q

Gas vesicles are hollow structures made of __________

A

gas vesicle protein A (GsvA)

51
Q

Gas vesicles are found mostly in what kind of microbes?

A

planktonic microbes

52
Q

True or False
Gas vesicles provide buoyancy

A

True

53
Q

Gas vesicles are impermeable to ______ but are highly permeable to _______

A

water; gases

54
Q

Carboxysomes may serve to concentrate ______ inside the structure and thus increase the efficiency of ribulose diphosphate

A

carbon

55
Q

What is FtsZ?

A
  • involved in cell division
  • forms septal ring that constricts cell
  • without it it’s just long lines of filaments
56
Q

What is MreB?

A

-contributes to shape of nonspherical bacteria (if knocked out E. coli become cocci)

57
Q

What does Crescetin contribute?

A

contributes to vibroid shape

58
Q

The Glycocalyx is the extracellular material external to the ____ _____

A

cell wall

59
Q

True or False
The glycocalyx is composed of polysaccharides

A

True

60
Q

What functions does the S layer serve?

A

may help prevent diffusion of proteins (if s layer is cell wall then not called glycocalyx)

61
Q

True or False
The capsule is rigid, flexible, and impermeable

A

True

62
Q

Where does the Slime adhere to?

A

the cell wall

63
Q

What functions do the Glycocalyx serve?

A
  • adhesion to other cells (or surfaces) to form biofilms
  • protection from phagocytosis
  • prevent dehydration
64
Q

What does monopolar mean?

A

single flagellum at one pole (usually the old pole)

65
Q

What does Lophotrichous mean?

A

bundle of flagellum at one pole

66
Q

What does bipolar mean (flagella)

A

single flagellum at both poles

67
Q

What does amphitrichous mean?

A

bundles of flagellum at both poles

68
Q

What is subpolar?

A

flagellum located NEAR a pole

69
Q

What does peritrichous mean?

A

flagella surround around the cell

70
Q

In the basal body of flagellum, how many rings are in Gram positive and how many are in Gram negative?

A
  • Gram + : 2 rings (M and S)
  • Gram - : 4 rings (LPMS)
71
Q

What proteins is the central rod of a flagella composed of ?

A

FlgB, FligC, FlgF

72
Q

The rotor of the flagella contains what proteins?

A

FligG

73
Q

What do FliM and FliN form?

A

C ring

74
Q

C ring regulates the length of what?

A

the hook

75
Q

FlgK and FlgL form a junction between what?

A

the hook and the filament

76
Q

The flagellin is?

A

protein in filament (FliC)

77
Q

CCW rotation the flagella moves in a _____________. CW rotation, the flagella bundle breaks apart and bacterium ________

A

straight line; tumbles

78
Q

High concentration of chemoattractant _______ the frequency of tumbles. Higher concentration of chemorepellant ________ frequency of tumbles

A

decreases; increases

Bacterial Phys. (1 decks)

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