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Principles of Neural Science > Part I Overall Perspective: Chapter 1, The Brain and Behavior > Flashcards

Part I Overall Perspective: Chapter 1, The Brain and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

View about the brain and behavior is an amalgamation of which 5 related fields?

A

Anatomy, embryology, physiology, pharmacology and psychology

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2
Q

Two Main Components of the CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

CNS is bilateral/radial, symmetrical/asymetrical

A

Bilateral, largely symmetrical

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4
Q

Six Major Structures of the Brain

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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5
Q

How are the six major structures of the brain distinguished?

A

Each comprise distinct groups of neurons, with distinctive connectivity and developmental origin

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6
Q

Three Broader Regions of the Brain

A

The hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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7
Q

3 Components of the Hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

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8
Q

4 Components of the Midbrain

A
  1. Tectum
  2. Substantia nigra
  3. Reticular formation
  4. Periaqueductal gray matter
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9
Q

2 Components of the Forebrain

A

Diencephalon and cerebrum

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10
Q

Name of neuron groups found in medulla, pons, midbrain and diencephalon

A

Nuclei

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11
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Large folded sheet of neurons covering the surface of the cerebrum

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12
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

A

Large folded sheet of neurons covering the surface of the cerebellum

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13
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Structures found below the cortex

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14
Q

Neuroanatomical Terms of Navigation

A

Rostral caudal (up and down for the spine, front and back for the brain)

Dorsal ventral (back and from for the spine, up and down for the brain)

Medial - lateral axis: medial middle, lateral: sides

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15
Q

3 Section Planes of the Brain

A

Horizontal: separating the brain using the x axis
Coronal: separating the brain into a rostral part and a caudal part
Sagittal: separating the brain along the hemispheres

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16
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Most caudal part of the CNS
  • Receive + process sensory information from the skin, joints, muscles of the body
  • Controls movement
  • Continues rostrally as the brain stem
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17
Q

4 Subdivisions of the Spinal Cord

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral (rostral to caudal)

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18
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • Medulla, pons and the midbrain
  • Receives sensory information from the skin and muscles of the head to provide motor control
  • Relays information to/fro the brain and spinal cord
  • Arousal and awareness: reticular formation
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19
Q

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

A

Collections of cell bodies found in the brain stem that receive information or control motor output or process information

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20
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Directly rostral to the spinal cord. Controls autonomic functions like digestion, breathing, heart rate control, reflex arcs, vomiting, blood vessels, gut muscles

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21
Q

Pons

A
  • Rostral to the medulla
  • Conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebeluum
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22
Q

Midbrain

A

Rostral to the pons; controls sensory and motor functions. Eye movement and coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

23
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Behind the pons
  • Controls force and movement, learns motor skills
  • Connected to the brain stem
  • Conducts autonomic control of muscles to coordinate unconscious movements and actions
  • Proprioception: sense of position and movement without vision
24
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Rostral to the midbrain
  • Thalamus + hypothalamus
25
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Structure found in the diencephalon
  • Processes most information reaching cerebral cortex from CNS
26
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Structure found in the diencephalon
  • Regulates autonomic, endocrine and visceral functions by synthesizing hormones released by the pituitary gland
27
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes hormones synthesizesd by the hypothalamus to regulate bodily functions e.g. growth, sex organ functions, blood pressure and metabolism

28
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres, each with a cerebral cortex and 3 deep lying structures: the basal ganglia, hippocampus and the amygdaloid nuclei
  • Contains many neurons to help process more complex tasks of the brain
  • Extensively folded to match the capacity of the uhuman skull
  • Size determines capability for higher order functions
29
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • 1 of 3 deep lying structure found in the cerebral hemispheres
  • Regulate movement execution and implicit memory
30
Q

Implicit memory

A

Motor and habit learning

31
Q

5 Components of the Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

32
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • 1 of 3 deep lying structures found in the cerebral hemispheres
  • Memory storage
33
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory storage

34
Q

Amygdaloid Nuclei

A
  • 1 of 3 deep lying structures found in the cerebral hemispheres
  • Coordinate autonomic and endocrine responses of emotional states: implicit memory
35
Q

4 Lobes of Each Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

36
Q

Alternative Name for the 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Cortical areas

37
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Connected to all the cortical areas
  • Conducts higher cognitive processing and motor planning
  • Posterior part controls voluntary muscle activity
38
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • Occupies gyrus rostral to the central sulcus
  • Controls voluntary muscle activity
39
Q

The primary motor cortex in the l/r cerebral hemisphere controls the muscles in the l/r side of the body

A

Left, right
Right, left

40
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Uses visual info received by the occipital lobe to discern location, object manipulation, spatial awareness, movement and sense of touch
41
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Uses visual info received by the occipital lobe for memory formation
  • Object identity, auditory information processing, speech
42
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Receives visual info
  • Processed through two streams
  • Dorsal stream to the parietal lobe
  • Ventral stream to the temporal lobe
43
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves

44
Q

Gyrus

A

Folds/ ridges

45
Q

Central sulcus separates x and y

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

46
Q

Lateral sulcus separates x and y

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

47
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Occupies gyrus caudal to the central sulcus

48
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Region of cerebral cortex not visible on the surface. Dorsal to the corpus callosum.

Regulates emotion, pain perception, cognition

49
Q

Insular Cortex

A

Region of cerebral cortex not visible on the surface.

Regulates emotion, homeostasis, taste perception

50
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers coordinating motor and cognitive tasks by connecting the two hemispheres

51
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

One in each of the 2 hemispheres
Release dopamine, a neurotransmitter enabling movement, learning, emotions

52
Q

Ventricles

A

Contain and produce cerebrospinal fluid

53
Q

Contralteral

A

Opposite: each hemisphere of the cerebrum is concerned primarily with motor and sensory processes on the contralateral side of the body

54
Q

Are the left and right hemispheres completely symmetrical?

A

No

Principles of Neural Science (1 decks)

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