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ICND1 > Part I of ICND1 text > Flashcards

Part I of ICND1 text Flashcards

1
Q

adjacent-layer interaction

A

the general topic of how on one computer, two adjacent layers in a networking architectural model work together, with the lower layer providing services to the higher layer

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2
Q

deencapsulation

A

on a computer that receives data over a network, the process in which the device interprets the lower-layer headers and, when finished with each header, removes the header, revealing the next-higher-layer PDU

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3
Q

encapsulation

A

the placement of data from a higher-layer protocol behind the header (and in some cases, between a header and trailer) of the next-lower-layer protocol. For example, an IP packet could be encapsulated in an Ethernet header and trailer before being sent over an Ethernet.

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4
Q

frame

A

a term regerring to a data link header and trailer, plus the data encapsulated between the header and trailer

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5
Q

networking model

A

a generic term referring to any set of protocols and standards collecteed into a comprehensive grouping that, when followed by the devices in a network, allows all the devices to communivate. Examples include TCP/IP and OSI

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6
Q

packet

A

a logical grouping of bytes that includes the network layer header and encapsulated data, but specifically does not include any headers and trailers below the network layer

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7
Q

protocol data unit (PDU)

A

A generic term referring to the header defined by some layer of a networking model, and the data encapsulated by the header (and possibly trailer) of that layer, but specifically not including any lower-layer headers and trailers.

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8
Q

same-layer interaction

A

The communication between two networking devices for the purposes of the functions defined at a particular layer of a networking model, with that communication happening by using a header defined by that layer of the model. The two devices set values in the header, send the header and encapsulated data, with the receiving device(s) interpreting the header to decide what action to take.

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9
Q

segment

A

In TCP, a term used to describe a TCP header and its encapsulated data (also called an L4PDU). Also in TCP, the process of accepting a large chunk of data from the application layer and breaking it into smaller pieces that fit into TCP segments. In Ethernet, a segment is either a single Ethernet cable or a single collision domain (no matter how many cables are used).

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10
Q

1000BASE-T

A

A name for the IEEE Gigabit Ethernet standard that uses four-pair copper cabling, a speed of 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps), and a maximum cable length of 100 meters.

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11
Q

100BASE-T

A

A name for the IEEE Fast Ethernet standard that uses two-pair copper cabling, a speed of 100 Mbps, and a maximum cable length of 100 meters.

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12
Q

Broadcast address

A

Generally, any address that represents all devices, and can be used to send one message to all devices. In Ethernet, the MAC address of all binary 1s, or FFFF.FFFF.FFFF in hex. For IPv4, see subnet broadcast address.

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13
Q

Crossover cable

A

An Ethernet cable that swaps the pair used for transmission on one device to a pair used for receiving on the device on the opposite end of the cable. In 10BASE-T and 100BASETX networks, this cable swaps the pair at pins 1,2 to pins 3,6 on the other end of the cable, and the pair at pins 3,6 to pins 1,2 as well.

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14
Q

Ethernet

A

A series of LAN standards defined by the IEEE, originally invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation.

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15
Q

Ethernet address

A

A 48-bit (6-byte) binary number, usually written as a 12-digit hexadecimal number, used to identify Ethernet nodes in an Ethernet network. Ethernet frame headers list a destination and source address field, used by the Ethernet devices to deliver Ethernet frames to the correct destination.

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16
Q

Ethernet frame

A

A term referring to an Ethernet data link header and trailer, plus the data encapsulated between the header and trailer.

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17
Q

Ethernet link

A

A generic term for any physical link between two Ethernet nodes, no matter what type of cabling is used.

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18
Q

Ethernet port

A

A generic term for the opening on the side of any Ethernet node, typically in an Ethernet NIC or LAN switch, into which an Ethernet cable can be connected.

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19
Q

Fast Ethernet

A

The common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 100 megabits per second.

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20
Q

Frame Check Sequence

A

A field in many data link trailers used as part of the error-detection process.

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21
Q

Gigabit Ethernet

A

The common name for all the IEEE standards that send data at 1 gigabit per second.

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22
Q

IEEE

A

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. A professional organization that develops communications and network standards, among other activities.

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23
Q

MAC address

A

A standardized data link layer address that is required for every device that connects to a LAN. Ethernet MAC addresses are 6 bytes long and are controlled by the IEEE. Also known as a hardware address, a MAC layer address, and a physical address.

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24
Q

Network interface card (NIC)

A

A computer card, sometimes an expansion card and sometimes integrated into the motherboard of the computer, that provides the electronics and other functions to connect to a computer network. Today, most NICs are specifically Ethernet NICs, and most have an RJ-45 port, the most common type of Ethernet port.

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25
Q

RJ-45

A

A popular type of cabling connector used for Ethernet cabling. It is similar to the RJ-11 connector used for telephone wiring in homes in the United States. RJ-45 allows the connection of eight wires.

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26
Q

Straight-through cable

A

In Ethernet, a cable that connects the wire on pin 1 on one end of the cable to pin 1 on the other end of the cable, pin 2 on one end to pin 2 on the other end, and so on.

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27
Q

Unicast address

A

Generally, any address in networking that represents a single device or interface, instead of a group of addresses (as would be represented by a multicast or broadcast address).

28
Q

Wired LAN

A

Ethernet LANs happen to use cables for the links between nodes, and because many types of cables use copper wires

29
Q

Wireless LAN

A

A local-area network (LAN) that physically transmits bits using radio waves. The name ?wireless? compares these LANs to more traditional ?wired? LANs, which are LANs that use cables (which often have copper wires inside).

30
Q

cable Internet

A

An Internet access technology that uses a cable TV (CATV) cable, normally used for video, to send and receive data.

31
Q

DSL

A

Digital subscriber line. Public network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional telco local-loop copper wiring at limited distances. Typically used as an Internet access technology, connecting a user to an ISP.

32
Q

DSL modem

A

A device that connects to a telephone line, using DSL standards, to transmit and receive data to/from a telco using DSL.

33
Q

Ethernet over MPLS

A

EoMPLS; aka Ethernet emulation; Provides an Ethernet link between two sites; A point-to-point connection between two customer devices and behavior as if a fiber Ethernet link existed between the two devices

34
Q

HDLC

A

High-Level Data Link Control. A bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

35
Q

leased line

A

A serial communications circuit between two points, provided by some service provider, typically a telephone company (telco). Because the telco does not sell a physical cable between the two endpoints, instead charging a monthly fee for the ability to send bits between the two sites, the service is considered to be a leased service.

36
Q

serial interface

A

A type of interface on a router, used to connect to some types of WAN links, particularly leased lines and Frame Relay access links.

37
Q

telco

A

A common abbreviation for telephone company.

38
Q

wide-area network (WAN)

A

A part of a larger network that implements mostly OSI Layer 1 and 2 technology, connects sites that typically sit far apart, and uses a business model in which a consumer (individual or business) must lease the WAN from a service provider (often a telco).

39
Q

ARP

A

Address Resolution Protocol. An Internet protocol used to map an IP address to a MAC address. Defined in RFC 826.

40
Q

default gateway

A

aka default router; On an IP host, the IP address of some router to which the host sends packets when the packet?s destination address is on a subnet other than the local subnet.

41
Q

DNS

A

Domain Name System. An application layer protocol used throughout the Internet for translating host names into their associated IP addresses.

42
Q

dotted-decimal notation (DDN)

A

The format used for IP version 4 addresses, in which four decimal values are used, separated by periods (dots).

43
Q

host name

A

Any device that uses an IP address.

44
Q

IP network

A

An IPv4 Class A, B, or C network; called a classful network because these networks are defined by the class rules for IPv4 addressing.

45
Q

IP packet

A

An IP header, followed by the data encapsulated after the IP header, but specifically not including any headers and trailers for layers below the network layer.

46
Q

IP subnet

A

Subdivisions of a Class A, B, or C network, as configured by a network administrator. Subnets allow a single Class A, B, or C network to be used instead of multiple networks, and still allow for a large number of groups of IP addresses, as is required for efficient IP routing.

47
Q

IPv4 address

A

In IP version 4 (IPv4), a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using TCP/IP. Each address consists of a network number, an optional subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers together are used for routing, and the host number is used to address an individual host within the network or subnetwork.

48
Q

ping

A

An Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo message and its reply; ping often is used in IP networks to test the reachability of a network device.

49
Q

routing protocol

A

A set of messages and processes with which routers can exchange information about routes to reach subnets in a particular network. Examples of routing protocols include the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, and the Routing Information Protocol (RIP).

50
Q

routing table

A

A list of routes in a router, with each route listing the destination subnet and mask, the router interface out which to forward packets destined to that subnet, and as needed, the next hop router?s IP address.

51
Q

subnetting

A

The process of subdividing a Class A, B, or C network into smaller groups called subnets.

52
Q

unicast IP address

A

An IP address that represents a single interface. In IPv4, these addresses come from the Class A, B, and C ranges.

53
Q

connection establishment

A

The process by which a connection-oriented protocol creates a connection. With TCP, a connection is established by a three-way transmission of TCP segments

54
Q

error detection

A

The process of discovering whether a data link level frame was changed during transmission. This process typically uses a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in the data link trailer.

55
Q

error recovery

A

The process of noticing when some transmitted data was not successfully received and resending the data until it is successfully received.

56
Q

flow control

A

The process of regulating the amount of data sent by a sending computer toward a receiving computer. Several flow control mechanisms exist, including TCP flow control, which uses windowing.

57
Q

forward acknowledgement

A

A process used by protocols that do error recovery, in which the number that acknowledges data lists the next data that should be sent, not the last data that was successfully received.

58
Q

HTTP

A

Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The protocol used by web browsers and web servers to transfer files, such as text and graphic files.

59
Q

ordered data transfer

A

A networking function, included in TCP, in which the protocol defines how the sending host should number the data transmitted, defines how the receiving device should attempt to reorder the data if it arrives out of order, and specifies to discard the data if it cannot be delivered in order.

60
Q

port

A

In TCP and UDP, a number that is used to uniquely identify the application process that either sent (source port) or should receive (destination port) data. In LAN switching, another term for switch interface.

61
Q

sliding windows

A

For protocols such as TCP that allow the receiving device to dictate the amount of data the sender can send before receiving an acknowledgment?a concept called a window?a reference to the fact that the mechanism to grant future windows is typically just a number that grows upward slowly after each acknowledgment, sliding upward.

62
Q

URL

A

Uniform Resource Locator. A standard for how to refer to any piece of information retrievable via a TCP/IP network, most notably used to identify web pages. For example, http://www.certskills.com/blog is a URL that identifies the protocol (HTTP), host name (www.certskills.com), and web page (blog).

63
Q

VoIP

A

Voice over IP. The transport of voice traffic inside IP packets over an IP network

64
Q

web server

A

Software, running on a computer, that stores web pages and sends those web pages to web clients (web browsers) that request the web pages.

65
Q

10BASE-T

A

The 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using two pairs of twisted-pair cabling (Categories 3, 4, or 5): One pair transmits data and the other receives data. 10BASE-T, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of approximately 100 m (328 feet) per segment.

ICND1 (1 decks)

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