Part I: ch. 1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the five stages of the scientific method?
A
curiosity, hypothesis, testing hypothesis, analyzing evidence, reporting results
2
Q
Nature
A
influence of genes that are inherited
3
Q
Nurture
A
Environmental influences
4
Q
Differential susceptibility
A
the idea that people vary in their sensitivity to certain experiences through genes or past events
5
Q
Multidirectional Development
A
continuous gains and losses throughout life
6
Q
lifespan perspective
A
multiple changes in every direction characterize life
7
Q
discontinuity
A
rapid dramatic change
8
Q
continuity
A
gradual growth
9
Q
critical period
A
something MUST occur to ensure normal development or only time when abnormality might occur
10
Q
sensitive period
A
a particular development occurs more easily but not limited to a certain time
11
Q
multicontextual development
A
People have many parts of their lives that intersect and overlap with each other
12
Q
Three clusters
A
physical surroundings, family structures, community characteristics
13
Q
The Social Context
A
includes all other people who influence each individual
14
Q
Bronfenbrenner Model
A
Microsystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem, Mesosystem
15
Q
Microsystem
A
immediate social contexts
16
Q
Exosystem
A
local institutions (church, school, etc)
17
Q
Macrosystem
A
Larger social setting (cultural values, economic policies, etc)
18
Q
Chronosystem
A
Time system (historical context)
19
Q
Mesosystem
A
connections of chronosystem (time system) with other systems
20
Q
Cohort
A
group of members with the same age who travel through life together
21
Q
Socioeconomic status (SES)
A
reflects education, occupation, neighborhood
22
Q
culture
A
system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors
23
Q
social constructions
A
concept created or constructed by a society
24
Q
Difference-equals-deficit error
A
belief that people who are different = inferior (deficit)
25
Intersectionality
idea that we each are pushed and pulled by gender, religion, generation, age, and ethnic group
26
Three domains
Biosocial = biology, medicine, neuroscience
Cognitive = psychology, linguistics, education
Psychosocial = economics, sociology, history
27
Plasticity
human traits can be molded, but people maintain certain durability of identity (ex. plastic)
28
dynamic-systems approach
idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body and mind and between each person and every aspect of the environment
29
Observation
requires recording behavior systematically and objectively
30
3 Observation occurrences
naturalistic, laboratory, analyzing data collected for other reasons
31
Independent variable
experimental variable
32
dependent variable
depends on the independent variable (special treatment)
33
Meta-analysis
analysis combining many studies and summary of results
34
cross-sectional research
group of people same age compared to group of people another age
35
Correlation
if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other does
36
Positive correlation
both variables increase or decrease together
37
Negative correlation
one variable increases while other decreases
38
Quantitative research
can be ranked or numbered
39
Qualitative research
open-ended questions, answers in narrative not numerical form
40
Code of ethics
set of moral principes
41
Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual development
Six stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, adulthood
42
Erikson: Psychosocial development
family, friends, community = crucial for development
43
Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
person/animal associates neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus (behaviorism)
44
Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Animals/humans act and then something follows (reinforcement)
45
Social learning theory
humans learn without reinforcement
46
Jean Piaget: Cognitive theory
How children think changes with time and experience
4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
47
cognitive equilibrium
a state of mental balance
48
assimilation
new experiences reinterpreted to fit into old ideas
49
accommodation
old ideas are restructured to include new experiences; mental constructs affect behavior
50
Information-processing theory
expression of cognitive theory inspired by input, programming, memory, and output of the computer
51
Miller: Information processing
a framework characterizing a large number of research programs; focuses on the processes of thought (when, why, how neurons fire before a response)
52
Vygotsky: sociocultural theory
human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing person and their surrounding society
53
apprenticeship in thinking
children become apprentices to people who know more
54
guided participation
a method to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture
55
Zone of proximal development
imaginary area surrounding the learner that contains the skills, knowledge, and concepts that are close to being grasped but not yet reached
56
Charles Darwin: Evolutionary Theory
the idea that many current human emotions and impulses are a legacy from thousands of years ago
57
2 biologically based drives
survival and reproduction
58
selective adaptation
the process of living creatures adjusting to their environment
59
allele
any variation in a gene
60
Methylation
enhances, transcribes, connects, empowers, silences, and alters genetic insturctions
61
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) job?
regulates and transcribes genetic instructions
62
Epigenetics
the study of how the environment alters genetic expression from conception throughout all of life
63
Microbiome
all microbes (viruses, fungi, archaea, yeasts, germs) that live within every part of the body
64
Autosomes
44 of 46 are independent of sex chromosomes
65
Homozygous
code of gene from one parent is exactly like code on the same gene from other parent
66
Heterozygous
different genes are paired
67
Stem Cells
can produce any other cell and are a result of early duplication and division
68
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
Ova and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
69
Monozygotic twins (MZ)
come from one (mono-) zygote
70
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins
two ova are fertilized by two sperm at about same time
71
Additive Heredity
alleles add up to influence the phenotype
72
Trisomy-21 or Down Syndrome
a cluster of 3 chromosomes that results from a missing or added chromosomes that creates a syndrome
73
Fragile x syndrome
part of x chromosome seems to be attached to rest of it by a very thin string of molecules
74
Cephalocaudal
head-to-tail
75
proximodistal
near-to-far
76
age of viability
the age at which a fetus might survive outside the mother's uterus with medical care (about 22 weeks after conception)
77
Apgar scale
assessment of a newborn's health from 0 to 10
78
Cerebral palsy
damage to the brain's motor centers
79
anoxia
lack of oxygen
80
Behavioral teratogens
agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing future intellectual and emotional functioning
81
Threshold effect
when a teratogen during prenatal development is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level
82
Fetal alcohol
a cluster of birth defects that may be the result of the mother drinking alcohol while pregnant
83
Neural-tube defects
spina bifida and anencephaly
84
spina bifida
tail of spine not enclosed properly
85
anencephaly
part of brain is missing
86
Low Birthweight (LBW)
under 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds)
87
Very low birthweight (ELBW)
under 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces)
88
preterm
babies born 2 or more weeks early
89
small for gestational age (SGA)
baby birthweight significantly lower than expected
90
Immigrant paradox
low-SES immigrant women tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes
91
Brazelton neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
a test administered to newborns measuring responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes
92
Reflexes
1) maintain oxygen supply 2)maintain constant body temperature 3)manage feeding
93
Feeding reflexes
rooting reflex, swallowing, spitting up
94
Babinski reflex
When a newborn's feet are stroked, the toes fan upward
95
Stepping reflex
When newborns are held upright, feet touching flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk
96
Swimming reflex
When held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their arms and legs
97
Palmar grasping reflex
When something touche newborn's palms, they grip it tightly
98
Moro reflex
When someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide-open eyes
99
Couvade
symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers
100
parent-infant bond
strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn
101
kangaroo care
mothers or fathers rest their babies on their naked chests
