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Psychology 290 - Exam #1 > Part I: ch. 1-4 > Flashcards

Part I: ch. 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five stages of the scientific method?

A

curiosity, hypothesis, testing hypothesis, analyzing evidence, reporting results

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2
Q

Nature

A

influence of genes that are inherited

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3
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental influences

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4
Q

Differential susceptibility

A

the idea that people vary in their sensitivity to certain experiences through genes or past events

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5
Q

Multidirectional Development

A

continuous gains and losses throughout life

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6
Q

lifespan perspective

A

multiple changes in every direction characterize life

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7
Q

discontinuity

A

rapid dramatic change

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8
Q

continuity

A

gradual growth

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9
Q

critical period

A

something MUST occur to ensure normal development or only time when abnormality might occur

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10
Q

sensitive period

A

a particular development occurs more easily but not limited to a certain time

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11
Q

multicontextual development

A

People have many parts of their lives that intersect and overlap with each other

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12
Q

Three clusters

A

physical surroundings, family structures, community characteristics

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13
Q

The Social Context

A

includes all other people who influence each individual

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14
Q

Bronfenbrenner Model

A

Microsystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem, Mesosystem

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15
Q

Microsystem

A

immediate social contexts

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16
Q

Exosystem

A

local institutions (church, school, etc)

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17
Q

Macrosystem

A

Larger social setting (cultural values, economic policies, etc)

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18
Q

Chronosystem

A

Time system (historical context)

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19
Q

Mesosystem

A

connections of chronosystem (time system) with other systems

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20
Q

Cohort

A

group of members with the same age who travel through life together

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21
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

reflects education, occupation, neighborhood

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22
Q

culture

A

system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors

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23
Q

social constructions

A

concept created or constructed by a society

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24
Q

Difference-equals-deficit error

A

belief that people who are different = inferior (deficit)

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25
Q

Intersectionality

A

idea that we each are pushed and pulled by gender, religion, generation, age, and ethnic group

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26
Q

Three domains

A

Biosocial = biology, medicine, neuroscience
Cognitive = psychology, linguistics, education
Psychosocial = economics, sociology, history

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27
Q

Plasticity

A

human traits can be molded, but people maintain certain durability of identity (ex. plastic)

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28
Q

dynamic-systems approach

A

idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body and mind and between each person and every aspect of the environment

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29
Q

Observation

A

requires recording behavior systematically and objectively

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30
Q

3 Observation occurrences

A

naturalistic, laboratory, analyzing data collected for other reasons

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31
Q

Independent variable

A

experimental variable

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32
Q

dependent variable

A

depends on the independent variable (special treatment)

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33
Q

Meta-analysis

A

analysis combining many studies and summary of results

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34
Q

cross-sectional research

A

group of people same age compared to group of people another age

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35
Q

Correlation

A

if one variable is more (or less) likely to occur when the other does

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36
Q

Positive correlation

A

both variables increase or decrease together

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37
Q

Negative correlation

A

one variable increases while other decreases

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38
Q

Quantitative research

A

can be ranked or numbered

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39
Q

Qualitative research

A

open-ended questions, answers in narrative not numerical form

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40
Q

Code of ethics

A

set of moral principes

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41
Q

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual development

A

Six stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, adulthood

42
Q

Erikson: Psychosocial development

A

family, friends, community = crucial for development

43
Q

Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

A

person/animal associates neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus (behaviorism)

44
Q

Skinner: Operant Conditioning

A

Animals/humans act and then something follows (reinforcement)

45
Q

Social learning theory

A

humans learn without reinforcement

46
Q

Jean Piaget: Cognitive theory

A

How children think changes with time and experience
4 stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

47
Q

cognitive equilibrium

A

a state of mental balance

48
Q

assimilation

A

new experiences reinterpreted to fit into old ideas

49
Q

accommodation

A

old ideas are restructured to include new experiences; mental constructs affect behavior

50
Q

Information-processing theory

A

expression of cognitive theory inspired by input, programming, memory, and output of the computer

51
Q

Miller: Information processing

A

a framework characterizing a large number of research programs; focuses on the processes of thought (when, why, how neurons fire before a response)

52
Q

Vygotsky: sociocultural theory

A

human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing person and their surrounding society

53
Q

apprenticeship in thinking

A

children become apprentices to people who know more

54
Q

guided participation

A

a method to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture

55
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

imaginary area surrounding the learner that contains the skills, knowledge, and concepts that are close to being grasped but not yet reached

56
Q

Charles Darwin: Evolutionary Theory

A

the idea that many current human emotions and impulses are a legacy from thousands of years ago

57
Q

2 biologically based drives

A

survival and reproduction

58
Q

selective adaptation

A

the process of living creatures adjusting to their environment

59
Q

allele

A

any variation in a gene

60
Q

Methylation

A

enhances, transcribes, connects, empowers, silences, and alters genetic insturctions

61
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) job?

A

regulates and transcribes genetic instructions

62
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of how the environment alters genetic expression from conception throughout all of life

63
Q

Microbiome

A

all microbes (viruses, fungi, archaea, yeasts, germs) that live within every part of the body

64
Q

Autosomes

A

44 of 46 are independent of sex chromosomes

65
Q

Homozygous

A

code of gene from one parent is exactly like code on the same gene from other parent

66
Q

Heterozygous

A

different genes are paired

67
Q

Stem Cells

A

can produce any other cell and are a result of early duplication and division

68
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Ova and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish

69
Q

Monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

come from one (mono-) zygote

70
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

two ova are fertilized by two sperm at about same time

71
Q

Additive Heredity

A

alleles add up to influence the phenotype

72
Q

Trisomy-21 or Down Syndrome

A

a cluster of 3 chromosomes that results from a missing or added chromosomes that creates a syndrome

73
Q

Fragile x syndrome

A

part of x chromosome seems to be attached to rest of it by a very thin string of molecules

74
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

head-to-tail

75
Q

proximodistal

A

near-to-far

76
Q

age of viability

A

the age at which a fetus might survive outside the mother’s uterus with medical care (about 22 weeks after conception)

77
Q

Apgar scale

A

assessment of a newborn’s health from 0 to 10

78
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

damage to the brain’s motor centers

79
Q

anoxia

A

lack of oxygen

80
Q

Behavioral teratogens

A

agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing future intellectual and emotional functioning

81
Q

Threshold effect

A

when a teratogen during prenatal development is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level

82
Q

Fetal alcohol

A

a cluster of birth defects that may be the result of the mother drinking alcohol while pregnant

83
Q

Neural-tube defects

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

84
Q

spina bifida

A

tail of spine not enclosed properly

85
Q

anencephaly

A

part of brain is missing

86
Q

Low Birthweight (LBW)

A

under 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds)

87
Q

Very low birthweight (ELBW)

A

under 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces)

88
Q

preterm

A

babies born 2 or more weeks early

89
Q

small for gestational age (SGA)

A

baby birthweight significantly lower than expected

90
Q

Immigrant paradox

A

low-SES immigrant women tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes

91
Q

Brazelton neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

a test administered to newborns measuring responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes

92
Q

Reflexes

A

1) maintain oxygen supply 2)maintain constant body temperature 3)manage feeding

93
Q

Feeding reflexes

A

rooting reflex, swallowing, spitting up

94
Q

Babinski reflex

A

When a newborn’s feet are stroked, the toes fan upward

95
Q

Stepping reflex

A

When newborns are held upright, feet touching flat surface, they move their legs as if to walk

96
Q

Swimming reflex

A

When held horizontally on their stomachs, newborns stretch out their arms and legs

97
Q

Palmar grasping reflex

A

When something touche newborn’s palms, they grip it tightly

98
Q

Moro reflex

A

When someone bangs on the table they are lying on, newborns fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, crying with wide-open eyes

99
Q

Couvade

A

symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

100
Q

parent-infant bond

A

strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn

101
Q

kangaroo care

A

mothers or fathers rest their babies on their naked chests

Psychology 290 - Exam #1 (2 decks)

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