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Information Technology > Part I > Flashcards

Part I Flashcards

1
Q

Define Network

A

a collection of devices which are connected together allowing them to communicate with one another.

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2
Q

Node/Host

A

each device ona network

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3
Q

Client

A

a standard computer you may find on an office desk or at home.

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4
Q

Server

A

a big and powerful computer which can be accessed by many client computers at the same time.

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5
Q

Peer to Peer Network (Workgroup)

A

taking a few systems and connecting them together.

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6
Q

Client/Server Model (Domain)

A

one system (server) is responsible for all the user accts and groups for the entire network.

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7
Q

UNC (Universal Naming Convention) Path or local path

A

\Server\Share\Folder\File

\DC01\Files\Temp\doc.txt

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8
Q

LAN (local area network)

A

a small network contained to a single bldg or floor of a large bldg.

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9
Q

WAN (wide area network)

A

spans large distances

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10
Q

Host

A

any device that is connected to a network

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11
Q

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

A

term used to identify all of the different protocols used on networks using IP addressing

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12
Q 
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gb Ethernet
T1
A 
10Mbps
100Mbps
1Gbps
10Gbps
1.544Mbps
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13
Q

User Permissions

A

used to control the level of access that a user has to specific resources like files, folders and printers

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14
Q

User Rights

A

used to restrict a users ability to perform specific actions like installing a new program, changing system time, creating user accts, or changing screen savers.

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15
Q

Domain Controller

A

a server that centrally manages user accounts for the domain.

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16
Q

ADUC (active directory users and computers)

A

allows network admins and technicians access to perform various administrative tasks remotely accross the network.

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17
Q

Local Profile

A

a prifile local to one computer

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18
Q

Roaming Profile

A

your profile remains consistent regardless of the computer you log into on the domain.

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19
Q

Default Users Profile

A

used as a template for all users that log onto a computer for the first time.

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20
Q

Registry

A

a centralized database that holds all informatin relating to user’s profiles, hardware and software installed on the computer.

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21
Q

NTUSER.dat

A

file that stores user profile information

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22
Q

Home Folder

A

a shared folder on a server where a user can store their data.

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23
Q

Mailbox-enabled objects

A

allowed to send and receive mail

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24
Q

Mail-enabled objects

A

has an e-mail address, but no mailbox

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25
Q

Service

A

a program that runs in the background performing some type of task. Does not require user interaction.

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26
Q

3 Common network topologies

A
  • Bus
  • Ring
  • Star
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27
Q

Hub

A
  • common connection point for devices in a nework.
  • Contains muliple interfaces
  • a layer one device
  • Uses half duplex
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28
Q

Frame

A
  • the basic unit of data transmission on a network.
  • usually transmitted serial bit by bit.
  • the entire string of bits
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29
Q

Protocol

A

a set of rules that define the proper operation of a task.

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30
Q

Address

A

unique bits assigned to each individual computer on a LAN

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31
Q

Header

A

first bits of a frame which include addresses of the sending and receiving computers

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32
Q

Error detection

A

a way to figure out if what a computer received is exactly what was sent.

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33
Q

Checksum

A

a way to check and see if what was sent was actually received.

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34
Q

FCS (frame check sequence)

A
  • a way to calculate the header and data to equal to the trailer
  • sometimes called the trailer
  • extra bits added to the frame for error detection
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35
Q

CRC (cyclic redundancy check)

A
  • a code used for detecting accidentall changes in a string of bits
  • similar to the FCS
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36
Q

Trailer

A

generic term used for the FCS/CRC of a frame to indicate it shows up at the end of a bit string.

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37
Q

Error Detection

A

process of figuring out that there was an error somewhere in a string

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38
Q

Network Packet

A

used to describe the bit string sent by computers on a network

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39
Q

3 types of frames

A
  • Unicast
  • Broadcast
  • Multicast
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40
Q

Unicast

A

a frame destined from one single computer to another single computer

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41
Q

Broadcast

A

a frame destined from one computer to all the other computers on the network

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42
Q

Multicast

A

a frame destined from a computer to many but not all other computers.

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43
Q

OSI Model

A

a 7 layer model that is the most common way to illustrate the different things that happen when you connect to a network.

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44
Q

OU (organizational unit)

A
  • allows NW administrators to sub-divide a domain into smaller, more manageable chunks.
  • contains users, groups, computers.
  • are often created to organize them by dept, job function or location
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45
Q

Object

A

any item found in the OU’s such as, groups and computers

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46
Q

Layer 1 - Physical Layer

A
  • describes how the bits will get onto the network

- cables and things you plug into

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47
Q

Layer 2 - Data Link Layer

A
  • Creates the frames that are needed to get data across one NW
  • Defines specific number of bits that ID each host on a given NW
  • Ethernet and wireless are used with this layer
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48
Q

Layer 3 - Network Layer

A
  • Allows you to interconnect to many different NW’s of all different physical types
  • Primary responsibilities are logical addressing and routing
  • IP is used with this layer
  • Adds bits between layer 2 and data (IP addresses)
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49
Q

Layer 4 - Transport Layer

A
  • Where TCP/IP belongs
  • Responsible session establishment, flow control and error correction
  • Ensures the data sent from one host to another across the NW arrives correctly
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50
Q

Layer 5 - Session layer

A

-Supposed to be the layer that manages the connections between applications on different systems.

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51
Q

Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

A

-Theoretically converts the data from the format that the other layers like into the format that the application likes

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52
Q

Layer 7 - Application Layer

A
  • Layer closest to the end user
  • HTTP, SMTP and RPC
  • Allows different applications to talk to each other over the NW
53
Q

MAC (Media Access Control)

A
  • a NW card’s layer 2 address

- 6 bytes long: 00-90-21-DE-1A-71

54
Q

Ethernet

A
  • is a layer 2 protocol
  • 6 byte HEX addresses
  • You can combine copper and fiber ethernet
  • Operates at both layer 1 and layer 2 of the OSI Model
55
Q

NIC (Network Interface Card)

A

a computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a NW

56
Q

Driver

A
  • A set of software that tells your OS how to use your hardware.
  • Has to be compatible to OS used
57
Q

Collision

A

when 2 hosts try to send at the same time, on the same shared cabling system, the bits will overlap causing errors.

58
Q

CSMA/CD (carrier sense milti access w/collision detection)

A
  • Handles collisions when a NW is using half duplex

- Listens first

59
Q

Duplex

A

each host on the NW can send and each host can receive

60
Q

Half-duplex

A

only on host can be communicating at any time

61
Q

2 most common types of cabling

A
  • UTP (unsheilded twisted pair)

- STP (sheilded twisted pair)

62
Q

2 types of Ethernet cabling

A
  • Straight through cable

- Crossover cable

63
Q

Full Duplex

A

devices can send and receive at the same time

64
Q

Switch

A
  • Used to interconnect nodes on an Ethernet LAN
  • Have the ability to hold or buffer packets coming over the NW
  • Can keep track of MAC addresses
  • Operates at layer 2 runs on Full Duplex
65
Q

Bandwidth

A

the max amount of data Ethernet can trasfer

66
Q

IP Address

A
  • most common NW protocol
  • is the standard for the internet
  • allows you to cnnect from one NW to another
67
Q

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

A

takes the IP address of the system we want to talk to and uses that to find the system MAC address so we can unicast to it.

68
Q

Router

A
  • a dedicated NW device that provides a number of services on a NW
  • Allows you to connect to differnt types of NW’s
  • Operates at layer 3
  • blocks all broadcasts to save bandwidth
69
Q

Default Gateway Address

A

the IP address of the router that will be used, by default, to reach other NW’s

70
Q

Collision Domain

A

the group of devices that can collide with one another

71
Q

Forwarding

A

choosing to retransmit the fram on one specific interface

72
Q

Filtering

A

choosing not to send the fram out any other interface

73
Q

Flooding

A

if a switch has no MAC address enter in it’s table, it will send out the fram to all interfaces except the one it was received on.

74
Q

Media Layers (bottom 3 layers)

A

usually responsible for delivery of data from host A to host B through hubs, switches, and routers.

75
Q

Host Layers (top 4 layers)

A
  • ensures applications run correctly between 2 hosts.
  • are responsible for translating the data bits using the ASCII table
  • HTTP, SMTP, RPC, TCP, UDP
76
Q

Encapsulation

A

process of adding headers and trailers at the originating host to prepare data so it can be sent over a NW

77
Q

De-encapsulation

A

process of stripping headers and trailers at the ultimate destination host to see waht data is being received

78
Q

Subnet mask

A

numbers used to tell you which part of an IP is the NW portion and which is the host portion

79
Q

Loopback address

A

used for testing purposes 127.0.0.0

80
Q

NAT (Network Address Translation)

A
  • translates private IP’s into public addresses.

- used by routers

81
Q

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

A

IP address used if you can’t conect to the DHCP server. 169.254.x.x

82
Q

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

A

ECHO messages to test communications

83
Q

Ping

A

toos used for testing TCP/IP communications between 2 machines.

84
Q

tracert

A

command used to show you the path of the packet as it travels to the destination machine.

85
Q

Default Gateway

A

IP host address of the router that gets the packet of their NW when the destination is on another NW

86
Q

Subnetting

A

provides a way to divide up IP networks into smaller pieces.

87
Q

Subnet

A

refers to one of these smaller NWs

88
Q

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

A

allows you to change the subnet mask w/o any regard to the class of address you are using

89
Q

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A
  • transport protocol
  • a connectionless protocol
  • a host can send a data across the NW w/o checking first
  • better for speed
90
Q

TCP (Transport Control Protocol)

A
  • connection-oriented protocol
  • TCP must establish a connection or session w/another host before it starts sending data
  • better reliability
  • provides error recovery & guarantees delivery of the packet
91
Q

Significant Port Numbers

A

SMTP - 25 DNS - 53 HTTP - 80
Telnet - 23 TFTP - 69 DHCP - 67s, 68c
HTTPS - 443

92
Q

TCP Handshake (definition)

A

the process of establishing a session between a client and server (client usually starts it)

93
Q

TCP Handshake (process)

A
  • the client is asking to synhronize setting for this session (SYN)
  • the request must be acknowledged by the server (ACK)
  • second synch is sent by the server requestin specific data (SYN)
  • Client send an acknowledgement back to the server (ACK)
94
Q

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

A

a protocol used to configure TCP/IP settings automatically to devices.

95
Q

DORA

A

1) Client broadcasts a DISCOVER message containing its MAC
2) Server hears the message, reserves an address from its pool and replies with an OFFER broadcast saying there is an address available
3) Client hears offer and accepts in the form of a REQUEST broadcast
4) Sever hears the request and replies with an ACKNOWLEDGE broadcast to seal the deal

96
Q

Lease

A

the process of a DHCP server giving a PC TCP/IP information for a limited period of time (8 days)

97
Q

Name Resolution

A

the process ofmapping a PC name to an IP address

98
Q

DNS (Domain Name System)

A

it translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses

99
Q

File Server

A

a server that stores large amounts of user data in a secure and centralized manner

100
Q

Home Folder

A

used to store large amounts of individual user data in a centralized location.

101
Q

Profile Folder

A

stores user environment setting like, wallpaper, folder options, desktop and My Documents contents

102
Q

Personal Folder

A

actually files that contain emails, contacts, tasks, appts, and other options you configure in MS Outlook

103
Q

Distribution Groups

A
  • Used when you need to send email to a group of users.
  • provides an easy way to grop together users that require the same email distributions
  • Can’t be assigned permissions
104
Q

Security Groups

A
  • used when you need to grop users together and assign them permissions
  • Only they can be placed on a NW resources ACLs
  • Most commonly used group
105
Q

Domain Local Group

A
  • assigned to local domain resources for the purpose of assigning specific permissions
  • Cannot exist in another domain
106
Q

Global Groups

A
  • used to group users by function, department or role
  • Can only contain members that exist in its own domain (users & PCs)
  • Place user accts here
  • Can become members of Domain Local Groups in any domain
107
Q

Universal Groups

A
  • used to allow access to resources that exist in any domain in the environment.
  • Can contain members that reside in any domaine
108
Q

Group Nesting

A

when you add one group as a member of another grouup.

109
Q

AGDLP

A
  • Accts: create domain user & PC accts
  • Global Groups: user & PC accts are added to GG
  • Domain Local Grouop: GG that now contains user & PC accts are added to domain local group
  • Permissions: once GGs have been nested into Domain Local Groups, the DLGs are added to the ACL of NW resources & permissions are assigned
110
Q

AGDLP

A
  • Create user & PC accts
  • Add user & PC to GG
  • Nest GG into DLG
  • Add DLG to resources ACL
  • Assign permissions to the DLG
111
Q

Print Server

A

a PC installed w/printer software and maintains connectivity to multiple printers for dentralized admins

112
Q

Printer

A

a device driver, which is software that tells the Os how to access the print device

113
Q

Print device

A

the actual physical device that feeds out a paper copy of a document

114
Q

Printer Pooling

A
  • method of load balancing

- one printer with connected to multiple devices

115
Q

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

A
  • allows our data to be written to & read from the HD faster
  • allows you to add more storage space for users
  • allows you to recover from HD failures
116
Q

RAID 0

A

combines unallocated space from 2 or more dynamic disks to create a volume that acts like one drive

  • Uses striping to give the disk performance faster R & W access to disks
  • Data is saved equally among all disks
117
Q

RAID 1 or Disk mirroring

A
  • Data is saved to the main disk and copied over to the other disk creating a duplicate or mirror of the main disk
  • Write performance is not as good as Striped volume
  • Uses split seek
118
Q

3 characteristics of RAID 1

A
  • Disk fault tolerance
  • Increased disk read performance
  • Must be a toal of 2 HDs available
119
Q

Split Seek

A

process that will allow the Os to access whatever HD that does not have any read queues or has the fewest queues

120
Q

RAID 5

A
  • Disk stripping with Parity
  • Has fault tolerance
  • Increased R & W performance
  • Must be a minimum of 3 HDs
  • Data is saved equally among all disks
121
Q

Scope

A

a valid range of IP’s which are available for assignment or lease to client PCs

122
Q

Renew

A
  • When the PC contacts the DHCP server requesting to keep TCP/IP info
  • More specific and take a higher priority
123
Q

Scope options

A

allow you to assign TCP/IP info to individual NWs that require TCP/IP info specific to that NW

124
Q

DHCP requirements

A
  • DHCP Scopes must be activated
  • DHCP Server must be authorized in AD
  • DHCP Service must be started
125
Q

Reservations Node

A

if you want a PC to receive a specific IP address that is part of your range of IPs you configured for your scope

126
Q

Server Options

A

-Used when you want all your DHCP clients to have the same settings

127
Q

DHCP Relay Agent

A

listens for DHCP broadcasts on its subnet and communicaties with the DHCP server on another NW on behalf of the client

128
Q

IP Helper Address

A

-Responsible for listening to DHCP broadcasts and allows DHCP broadcasts, but blocks all other broadcasts

Information Technology (1 decks)

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