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CT Scan With Field Exposure > PART I > Flashcards

PART I Flashcards

1
Q

[year, person] proved it is possible to reconstruct or built up an image of 2D object from a large number of projections from different projections

A

1917
J. Radon

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2
Q

[year, terms] earlier terms of computer tomography

A

1920
“body section radiography”
“Stratigraphy” - stratum (layer), graphia (to describe)

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3
Q

[person,year]
redefined the technique and labeled it “tomography”
“Tomos” - section

A

1935
Grossman

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4
Q

Image of a section of the patient that is oriented parallel to the film

A

Conventional Tomogram

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5
Q

[person, year]
developed another technique (cross-sections) referred to as “Transverse Axial Tomography”

A

1937
Watson

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6
Q

[person, year] basic idea for today’s tomography, drawings of equipment to for sonograms and optical projection techniques to reconstruct

A

1940
Gabriel Frank

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7
Q

[person, year] practical application of projections in medicine, series of experiments on a phantom
[person, year]-studied nuc med

A

1960
William Oldendorf
David E. Kuhl & Roy Q. Edwards

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8
Q

[person, year] theory of image reconstruction; applied techniques in nuclear medicine

A

1963
Allan McLead Cormack

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9
Q

[person, year] development of first clinical CT scanner at Central Research Laboratories of EMI Ltd. In England

A

1967
Godfrey N. Hounsfield

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10
Q

[person, year] consultant of Atkinson-Morley’s Hospital - obtained reading from specimen of human brain with Hounsfield

A

1971
Dr. James Ambrose

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11
Q

[person, year] developed first whole body CT Scanner, Georgetown University

A

1974
Dr. Robert Ledly

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12
Q

[year, development] has the goals to carry out dynamic volumes scanning to accommodate imaging the dynamics of organ system with high temporal resolution

A

1975
Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR)

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13
Q

[year, person] [..] shared Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology [..]

A

1979 Hounsfield
with Allan McLead Cormack

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14
Q

[person, year] introduced External Beam CT (EBCT)

A

1980s
Dr. Douglas Boyd

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15
Q

Other uses for ct

A
  1. Study of internal log defects in sawmill
  2. Paleoanthropology
  3. Baggage inspection at airports
  4. Oil Exploration
  5. Fat Stock Breeding
  6. Animal Investigation
  7. Evaluate bowed stringed instruments
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16
Q

[components]
DESCRIBE Gantry

A

-ring/doughnut shaped
-tilted fwd and bwd (15-30 deg)
-laser light for positioning
-control panel on sides

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17
Q

Size of aperture

A

70-90cm

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18
Q

[components]
DESCRIBE Patient Table/ Couch

A

-table to top made of carbon fiber
-should be strong and rigid
-comfort and safety

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19
Q

Reasons for using carbon fiber in patient table

A
  1. Light weight
  2. Does not attenuate easily
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20
Q

[components]
DESCRIBE x-ray system (generator)

A

-uses three-phase flow for the efficient production of x-rays
-high freq. generators now utilized
-located inside gantry
-voltage ripple from high frequency generator is less than 1%

21
Q

Fluctuation of current after it is rectified

A

Voltage ripple

22
Q

[components]
DESCRIBE Slip ring

A

-wires in systemic manner
-x-ray tube rotate continuously
-use a brush like apparatus to provide continuous electrical power and electrical communication across a rotating surface

23
Q

Component of tube enclosure of CT scan (x-ray tube)

A

Metal envelope

24
Q

Consist of tungsten filaments positioned in a focusing cup

A

Cathode assembly

25
Q

-made of barium metal compounds
-absorb gas molecules in a vacuum

A

Internal Getter

26
Q

Components of the anode assembly

A

Disk
rotor stud
hub
rotor
bearing assembly

27
Q

Small target angle of around 12 degrees

A

Anode

28
Q

Small target effect on Image Formation

A
  1. Increase Spatial Resolution
  2. Anode Heel Effect
    - if angulated too much, less surface area
    -if smaller-more surface area
29
Q

Reason for high rotational speed 3600 rpm to 10,000 rpm of anode

A

For heat dissipation-it will hit different parts of the focal spot

30
Q

-uses ceramic insulators - so that envelope will not be affected
-uses thicker (5cm) and larger diameter (200mm) anode disk

A

Anode assembly

31
Q

Types of anode disk

A

A. All Metal Disk Design
B. Brazed Graphite Anode Disk Design
C. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Graphite Anode Disk

32
Q

[base body, focal track] All Metal Disk Design

A

Base body: Titanium, Zirconium and Molybdenum
Focal Track Layer: 10% rhenium & 90% tungsten

33
Q

[adv, disadv] All Metal Disk Design

A

Adv: quick heat transfer
Disadv: weight/heavy

34
Q

[base body, focal track] Brazed Graphite Anode Disk Design

A

Body base: graphite -10x more heat capacity than tungsten
Focal track layer: tungsten-rhenium

35
Q

[adv] Brazed Graphite Anode Disk Design

A

High heat storage capacity
Faster anode cooling

36
Q

[base body, focal track] Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Graphite Anode Disk

A

Base body: graphite
Focal track layer: tungsten-rhenium

37
Q

[adv.] Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Graphite Anode Disk

A

Can accommodate large heat storage capacity
light weight disks

38
Q

Help reduce radiation dose and improve image

A

Filtration

39
Q

Purposes of filtration

A

A. Remove long wavelength x-ray
B. Shapes the energy distribution across the radiation beam by using shaped filter

40
Q

-Restricts x-ray beam to specific area
-control slice thickness

A

Collimator

41
Q

Collimators present in CT:

A

A. Prepatient collimator
B. Predetector collimator

42
Q

Determining the radiation dose profile and patient radiation dose

A

Prepatient Collimator

43
Q

Determine the sensitivity profile and improve image contrast

A

Predetector Collimator

44
Q

Capture the radiation beam from the patient and convert it into electrical signals which are subsequently converted into binary coded information

A

CT Detector

45
Q

Types of CT detector accdg to Materials

A

A. Xenon gas detector
B. Solid State Crystal (Scintillation Detectors)

46
Q

[adv, disadv] Xenon gas detector

A

Adv: ability to remain stable under pressure, cheaper, easier to calibrate
Disadv: must be kept under pressure in an aluminum casing

47
Q

[adv, compo] Solid State Crystal (Scintillation Detector)

A

Adv: sensitive to fluctuation in temperature and moisture
Composition: cadmium tungstate, bismuth germinate, cesium iodide, gadolinium or yttrium

48
Q

Major Limitation of Radiography

A
  1. Superimposition of anatomical structures
  2. Radiography is qualitative rather than quantitative
49
Q

Goals of CT

A

A. Eliminate/ minimize superimposition
B. Improve image contrast
C. Recording of very small differences in tissue contrast

CT Scan With Field Exposure (5 decks)

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