Part As - 2007-2011 Flashcards
The nerve innervating muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm
Musculo-cutaneous nerve
The nerve supplying the major part of the palmar surface of the hand and fingers
Median nerve
The spinal nerve root supplying the lateral (radial) part of the forearm and thumb
C6
The main artery which gives rise to the anastomosis of vessels around the neck of the humerus
Axillary artery
The spinal nerve root giving the major supply to the small muscles of the hand
T1
Where does the production of ribosomes occur
Nucleolus
Where does the entry of cytoplasmic transcription factors to the nucleus occur
Nuclear pore
Where does the packaging of secretory proteins into vesicles occur
Trans-Golgi network
Responsible for the directional transport of vesicles
Microtubules
Maintains the mechanical skeleton of the cell
Intermediate filaments
The location of the cell bodies of peripheral sensory nerves
Dorsal root ganglion
The embryonic origin of peripheral sensory neurons
Neural crest
The location of the cell bodies of peripheral somatic motor neurons
Ventral horn of spinal cord
The transmitter used by peripheral somatic motor neurons
ACh
The main neurotransmitter used by peripheral sensory neurons
Glutamate
Embryonic germ layer from which the notochord is derived
Epiblast
Embryonic germ layer from which the stomach epithelium is derived
Endoderm
Example of a cell type which develops from neural crest cells
Melanocytes
Tissue which is responsible for generating the segmental pattern of peripheral nerves
Somites
Example of an anatomical structure that develops from sclerotome tissue
Vertebra
Glucocorticoids are produced from cholesterol
True
At the shoulder joint
Rotator cuff muscles are the major stabilisers of the joint
At the elbow joint, the principal flexor muscles are supplied by
Musculocutaneous nerve
Which movements are possible at the wrist joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Which two spinal nerve roots supply the small muscles of the hand
C7/ T1
Which is the innervation of flexors of the fingers?
Median and ulnar nerves
In the arterial supply of the lower limb
The main arterial supply to the head of the femur passes along its neck
In the venous drainage of the lower limb
In communicating veins normal flow is from superficial to deep
The femoral nerve supplies
Extensors of the knee
The main spinal nerve root which innervates skin on the lateral side of the foot and heel
S1
The sciatic nerve
Supplies all the muscles below the level of the knee
The embryonic layer from which the urinary system is derived
Mesoderm
The embryonic layer from which the stomach epithelium is derived
Endoderm
A example of a cell type which derives from the neural crest
Schwann cells
An example of an anatomical structure that derives from intermediate mesoderm
Kidney
The trachea epithelium is stratified squamous
False
The trachea has complete rings of cartilage strengthening its walls
False
The principal hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa is
Aldosterone
Cells of the zona fasciculata in brain are stimulated to secrete cortisol by
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves
Acting in the liver in starvation, cortisol stimulates
Gluconeogenesis
Classification of the knee joint
Synovial hinge joint
Muscle group causing extension of the knee joint
Quadriceps group
Nerve supplying knee flexors
Sciatic nerve
Muscle group causing flexion of the knee joint
Hamstring group
The medial collateral ligament
Is attached to the medial meniscus
The principal movement between vertebrae 1 and 2
Flexion/extension
Nasal epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Oesophagus
Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised
Lining of blood vessels
G. Simple squamous epithelium
Colon
Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Structure within epiblast where key invagination movements of gastrulation take place
Primitive streak
Neural crest cells are derived from this structure, which is one of the three embryonic germ layers
Ectoderm
Part of mesoderm from which the kidneys are formed
Intermediate mesoderm
Part of somite from which the bulk of each vertebra is derived
Sclerotome
Part of the mesoderm from which the limb skeleton is derived
Lateral plate mesoderm
Cell-cell junctions that are primarily responsible for linking keratinocytes in the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) of the epidermis
Desmosomes
A molecule that is NOT a component of extracellular matrix
Actin
Cell-cell junctions that permit diffusion of ions between cardiomyocytes
Gap junctions
Human embryos inherit the DNA in this organelle almost exclusively from their mother
Mitochondria
The site of translation for most secreted proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The site of degradation for most endocytosed plasma membrane proteins
Lysosome
The membrane-bounded organelle into which proteins can be transported directly from the cytoplasm in their folded form
Nucleus
Muscle/muscle group producing flexion of the elbow
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm
Peripheral nerve supplying the extensor muscles of the upper limb
Radial nerve
Muscle/muscle group producing first few degrees of abduction of the shoulder
Supraspinatus
Growth of tissue in the absence of proliferation
Hypertrophy
The phase of mitosis in which chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
A tissue that is maintained by continuous division of stem cells
Intestinal epithelium
The developmental potential of human stem cells derived from a 4-cell stage embryo
Totipotent
A property of cells in primary cell culture
Will only grow and proliferate for a limited number of cell cycles
A non-dividing cell that after tissue damage can re-enter the cell cycle to regenerate a large portion of the organ in which it normally resides
Hepatocyte
A multinucleate cell that can resorb extracellular matrix to remodel the tissue in which it resides
Osteoclast
A cell of the blood that gives rise through migration to macrophages
Monocyte
A cell that links to its neighbours by structures called intercalated discs
Cardiomyocyte
The major cell type within the epiphyseal plate of developing long bones that grows by hypertrophy
Chondrocyte
A term which best describes the developmental versatility of haematopoietic stem cells
Pluripotent
Intercellular junctions that are primarily responsible for linking cells of the epidermal stratum spinosum (spiny cell layer) to each other
Desmosomes
Layer within bilaminar germ disc that gives rise to the embryo proper
Epiblast
Part of the mesoderm from which the central portion of the intervertebral disc is formed
Notochord
Nerves that directly stimulate secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla
preganglionic sympathetic nerves
The nerve supplying the major part of the dorsal surface of the hand and fingers
Radial nerve
The spinal nerve root supplying the lateral (radial) part of the forearm and thumb
C6
The spinal nerve root responsible for abduction of the shoulder
C5
Sympathetic outflow from spinal cord
T1-L2
Cell type which secretes collagen
Fibroblast
Cell type which lays down new bone
Osteoblast
Hydrated molecule reducing friction at joints
Proteoglycans
Cell type that makes cartilage
Chondrocyte
Site of haematopoiesis
Marrow cavity
Structure that can fuse with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside of the cell
Secretory vesicle
Structural junction anchoring cells to basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
Composed of actin monomers
Microfilaments
Structures formed from regularly arranged bundles of myosin molecules
Thick filaments
A tumour which grows by invasion and metastasis
Malignant
Muscle wasting after nerve injury
Neuropathic
The partial failure of ovaries to develop in Turner’s syndrome
Hypoplasia
Proximal convoluted tubule of kidney
Simple tall cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli
Follicular cells of thyroid
Simple tall cuboidal epithelium with numerous
microvilli
Bladder
Uroepithelium (transitional epithelium)
Oesophagus
Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised
Endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium
A spinal nerve root which innervates the diaphragm
C4
The name of the vessel which lies in close proximity to the cords of the brachial plexus
Axillary artery
Tissue specialised for generation of heat in the newborn
Brown adipose
Cell type which contains vasoactive substances including histamine
Basophils
The process by which three embryonic germ layers are generated
Gastrulation
The structure that acts as an organiser of laterality during embryogenesis
Primitive node
Prevent the foot from being everted
Common peroneal nerve
Cause wasting of muscles of the thenar eminence of the hand
Median nerve
Paralyse the diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
Paralyse the extensors of the knee
Femoral nerve
Cause loss of sensation along the medial border of the upper limb
Lower trunk (C7, T1) of the brachial plexus
An important store of calcium used during contraction of this muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Structures that conduct changes in cell surface membrane potential to the interior of the muscle fibre
T-tubules
The nerve responsible for knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion
Sciatic nerve
The neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic membrane at the
neuromuscular junction
nAChRs
The cell type responsible for myelinating peripheral nerve axons
Schwann cell
Site of packaging of secretory proteins into vesicles
Trans-Golgi Network
An organelle in which ATP is synthesised
Mitochondrion
A structural junction formed between epithelial cells and the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
The type of epithelium found lining the jejunum
Simple columnar epithelium with numerous microvilli
Structure regulating the degree of paracellular (between cells) permeability
Tight junctions
Which of the following contributes only to placental tissue?
Cytotrophoblast
The three primary germ layers are
ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to the
Brain
The zone of polarizing activity is responsible for
patterning the limb along the cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis
The zone of polarizing activity is responsible for
patterning the limb along the cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis
Which of the following organs does the embryonic endoderm contribute to
Lungs
Which of the following organs does the embryonic mesoderm contribute to
All of the above
