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Organisation of the Body Y1 > Part As - 2007-2011 > Flashcards

Part As - 2007-2011 Flashcards

1
Q

The nerve innervating muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

A

Musculo-cutaneous nerve

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2
Q

The nerve supplying the major part of the palmar surface of the hand and fingers

A

Median nerve

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3
Q

The spinal nerve root supplying the lateral (radial) part of the forearm and thumb

A

C6

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4
Q

The main artery which gives rise to the anastomosis of vessels around the neck of the humerus

A

Axillary artery

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5
Q

The spinal nerve root giving the major supply to the small muscles of the hand

A

T1

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6
Q

Where does the production of ribosomes occur

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

Where does the entry of cytoplasmic transcription factors to the nucleus occur

A

Nuclear pore

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8
Q

Where does the packaging of secretory proteins into vesicles occur

A

Trans-Golgi network

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9
Q

Responsible for the directional transport of vesicles

A

Microtubules

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10
Q

Maintains the mechanical skeleton of the cell

A

Intermediate filaments

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11
Q

The location of the cell bodies of peripheral sensory nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

The embryonic origin of peripheral sensory neurons

A

Neural crest

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13
Q

The location of the cell bodies of peripheral somatic motor neurons

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord

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14
Q

The transmitter used by peripheral somatic motor neurons

A

ACh

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15
Q

The main neurotransmitter used by peripheral sensory neurons

A

Glutamate

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16
Q

Embryonic germ layer from which the notochord is derived

A

Epiblast

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17
Q

Embryonic germ layer from which the stomach epithelium is derived

A

Endoderm

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18
Q

Example of a cell type which develops from neural crest cells

A

Melanocytes

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19
Q

Tissue which is responsible for generating the segmental pattern of peripheral nerves

A

Somites

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20
Q

Example of an anatomical structure that develops from sclerotome tissue

A

Vertebra

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21
Q

Glucocorticoids are produced from cholesterol

A

True

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22
Q

At the shoulder joint

A

Rotator cuff muscles are the major stabilisers of the joint

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23
Q

At the elbow joint, the principal flexor muscles are supplied by

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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24
Q

Which movements are possible at the wrist joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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25
Q

Which two spinal nerve roots supply the small muscles of the hand

A

C7/ T1

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26
Q

Which is the innervation of flexors of the fingers?

A

Median and ulnar nerves

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27
Q

In the arterial supply of the lower limb

A

The main arterial supply to the head of the femur passes along its neck

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28
Q

In the venous drainage of the lower limb

A

In communicating veins normal flow is from superficial to deep

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29
Q

The femoral nerve supplies

A

Extensors of the knee

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30
Q

The main spinal nerve root which innervates skin on the lateral side of the foot and heel

A

S1

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31
Q

The sciatic nerve

A

Supplies all the muscles below the level of the knee

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32
Q

The embryonic layer from which the urinary system is derived

A

Mesoderm

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33
Q

The embryonic layer from which the stomach epithelium is derived

A

Endoderm

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34
Q

A example of a cell type which derives from the neural crest

A

Schwann cells

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35
Q

An example of an anatomical structure that derives from intermediate mesoderm

A

Kidney

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36
Q

The trachea epithelium is stratified squamous

A

False

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37
Q

The trachea has complete rings of cartilage strengthening its walls

A

False

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38
Q

The principal hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa is

A

Aldosterone

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39
Q

Cells of the zona fasciculata in brain are stimulated to secrete cortisol by

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

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40
Q

Secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

A

Preganglionic sympathetic nerves

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41
Q

Acting in the liver in starvation, cortisol stimulates

A

Gluconeogenesis

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42
Q

Classification of the knee joint

A

Synovial hinge joint

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43
Q

Muscle group causing extension of the knee joint

A

Quadriceps group

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44
Q

Nerve supplying knee flexors

A

Sciatic nerve

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45
Q

Muscle group causing flexion of the knee joint

A

Hamstring group

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46
Q

The medial collateral ligament

A

Is attached to the medial meniscus

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47
Q

The principal movement between vertebrae 1 and 2

A

Flexion/extension

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48
Q

Nasal epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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49
Q

Distal convoluted tubule of the kidney

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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50
Q

Oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised

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51
Q

Lining of blood vessels

A

G. Simple squamous epithelium

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52
Q

Colon

A

Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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53
Q

Structure within epiblast where key invagination movements of gastrulation take place

A

Primitive streak

54
Q

Neural crest cells are derived from this structure, which is one of the three embryonic germ layers

A

Ectoderm

55
Q

Part of mesoderm from which the kidneys are formed

A

Intermediate mesoderm

56
Q

Part of somite from which the bulk of each vertebra is derived

A

Sclerotome

57
Q

Part of the mesoderm from which the limb skeleton is derived

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

58
Q

Cell-cell junctions that are primarily responsible for linking keratinocytes in the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) of the epidermis

A

Desmosomes

59
Q

A molecule that is NOT a component of extracellular matrix

A

Actin

60
Q

Cell-cell junctions that permit diffusion of ions between cardiomyocytes

A

Gap junctions

61
Q

Human embryos inherit the DNA in this organelle almost exclusively from their mother

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

The site of translation for most secreted proteins

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

The site of degradation for most endocytosed plasma membrane proteins

A

Lysosome

64
Q

The membrane-bounded organelle into which proteins can be transported directly from the cytoplasm in their folded form

A

Nucleus

65
Q

Muscle/muscle group producing flexion of the elbow

A

Muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm

66
Q

Peripheral nerve supplying the extensor muscles of the upper limb

A

Radial nerve

67
Q

Muscle/muscle group producing first few degrees of abduction of the shoulder

A

Supraspinatus

68
Q

Growth of tissue in the absence of proliferation

A

Hypertrophy

69
Q

The phase of mitosis in which chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle

A

Anaphase

70
Q

A tissue that is maintained by continuous division of stem cells

A

Intestinal epithelium

71
Q

The developmental potential of human stem cells derived from a 4-cell stage embryo

A

Totipotent

72
Q

A property of cells in primary cell culture

A

Will only grow and proliferate for a limited number of cell cycles

73
Q

A non-dividing cell that after tissue damage can re-enter the cell cycle to regenerate a large portion of the organ in which it normally resides

A

Hepatocyte

74
Q

A multinucleate cell that can resorb extracellular matrix to remodel the tissue in which it resides

A

Osteoclast

75
Q

A cell of the blood that gives rise through migration to macrophages

A

Monocyte

76
Q

A cell that links to its neighbours by structures called intercalated discs

A

Cardiomyocyte

77
Q

The major cell type within the epiphyseal plate of developing long bones that grows by hypertrophy

A

Chondrocyte

78
Q

A term which best describes the developmental versatility of haematopoietic stem cells

A

Pluripotent

79
Q

Intercellular junctions that are primarily responsible for linking cells of the epidermal stratum spinosum (spiny cell layer) to each other

A

Desmosomes

80
Q

Layer within bilaminar germ disc that gives rise to the embryo proper

A

Epiblast

81
Q

Part of the mesoderm from which the central portion of the intervertebral disc is formed

A

Notochord

82
Q

Nerves that directly stimulate secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla

A

preganglionic sympathetic nerves

83
Q

The nerve supplying the major part of the dorsal surface of the hand and fingers

A

Radial nerve

84
Q

The spinal nerve root supplying the lateral (radial) part of the forearm and thumb

A

C6

85
Q

The spinal nerve root responsible for abduction of the shoulder

A

C5

86
Q

Sympathetic outflow from spinal cord

A

T1-L2

87
Q

Cell type which secretes collagen

A

Fibroblast

88
Q

Cell type which lays down new bone

A

Osteoblast

89
Q

Hydrated molecule reducing friction at joints

A

Proteoglycans

90
Q

Cell type that makes cartilage

A

Chondrocyte

91
Q

Site of haematopoiesis

A

Marrow cavity

92
Q

Structure that can fuse with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside of the cell

A

Secretory vesicle

93
Q

Structural junction anchoring cells to basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

94
Q

Composed of actin monomers

A

Microfilaments

95
Q

Structures formed from regularly arranged bundles of myosin molecules

A

Thick filaments

96
Q

A tumour which grows by invasion and metastasis

A

Malignant

97
Q

Muscle wasting after nerve injury

A

Neuropathic

98
Q

The partial failure of ovaries to develop in Turner’s syndrome

A

Hypoplasia

99
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule of kidney

A

Simple tall cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli

100
Q

Follicular cells of thyroid

A

Simple tall cuboidal epithelium with numerous
microvilli

101
Q

Bladder

A

Uroepithelium (transitional epithelium)

102
Q

Oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised

103
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

104
Q

A spinal nerve root which innervates the diaphragm

A

C4

105
Q

The name of the vessel which lies in close proximity to the cords of the brachial plexus

A

Axillary artery

106
Q

Tissue specialised for generation of heat in the newborn

A

Brown adipose

107
Q

Cell type which contains vasoactive substances including histamine

A

Basophils

108
Q

The process by which three embryonic germ layers are generated

A

Gastrulation

109
Q

The structure that acts as an organiser of laterality during embryogenesis

A

Primitive node

110
Q

Prevent the foot from being everted

A

Common peroneal nerve

111
Q

Cause wasting of muscles of the thenar eminence of the hand

A

Median nerve

112
Q

Paralyse the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

113
Q

Paralyse the extensors of the knee

A

Femoral nerve

114
Q

Cause loss of sensation along the medial border of the upper limb

A

Lower trunk (C7, T1) of the brachial plexus

115
Q

An important store of calcium used during contraction of this muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

116
Q

Structures that conduct changes in cell surface membrane potential to the interior of the muscle fibre

A

T-tubules

117
Q

The nerve responsible for knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion

A

Sciatic nerve

118
Q

The neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic membrane at the
neuromuscular junction

A

nAChRs

119
Q

The cell type responsible for myelinating peripheral nerve axons

A

Schwann cell

120
Q

Site of packaging of secretory proteins into vesicles

A

Trans-Golgi Network

121
Q

An organelle in which ATP is synthesised

A

Mitochondrion

122
Q

A structural junction formed between epithelial cells and the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

123
Q

The type of epithelium found lining the jejunum

A

Simple columnar epithelium with numerous microvilli

124
Q

Structure regulating the degree of paracellular (between cells) permeability

A

Tight junctions

125
Q

Which of the following contributes only to placental tissue?

A

Cytotrophoblast

126
Q

The three primary germ layers are

A

ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

127
Q

Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to the

A

Brain

128
Q

The zone of polarizing activity is responsible for

A

patterning the limb along the cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis

129
Q

The zone of polarizing activity is responsible for

A

patterning the limb along the cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis

130
Q

Which of the following organs does the embryonic endoderm contribute to

A

Lungs

131
Q

Which of the following organs does the embryonic mesoderm contribute to

A

All of the above

Organisation of the Body Y1 (2 decks)

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