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AGRI 31 - LEC > PART A: INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

PART A: INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under management of mane

A

agriculture

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2
Q

entire system that links producers and consumers of food and non-food agri products

A

agriculture

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3
Q

basic human need

A

food

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4
Q

true or false: 3/4 people depend directly/indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood (developing world)

A

true

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5
Q

give examples of situations that show the changing environments: ex. arable land

A
  • decreasing amount of arable land
  • urbanization and land uses
  • decreasing number of people engaged in agriculture
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6
Q

give examples of changing global climate (ex. floods)

A
  • drought
  • tsunami
  • floods
  • flash floods
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7
Q

what is the challenge of agriculture in changing environments?

A

enough to feed the growing population of developing nations (with other factors affecting such as dec arable lands, dec people engaged in agri, changing global climate, pandemic)

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8
Q

goal of agriculture in changing environments

A

to have a more productive culture

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9
Q

when did agriculture start?

A

later than existence of man; 10-15T years before present

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10
Q

why did agriculture start? (theories)

A
  • agriculture as a divine gift
  • discovery
  • result of stress
  • extension of gathering
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11
Q

where did agri start? 8 centers?

A

china, india, central asia, near east, mediterranean, ethiopia, mesoamerica, south america

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12
Q

evidences of origins of agriculture

A
  • living plants
  • archeological finds
  • pottery
  • literature
  • history
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13
Q

what type of plants thrive in disturbed areas (open lands), has short life cycle, and has high competitive ability?

A

grass type plants

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13
Q

what are the elements to start agriculture?

A

plants, man, environment

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14
Q

history of agriculture: encouragement of growth

A

cultivation

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15
Q

history of agriculture: selection of particularly useful plants by man

A

domestication

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16
Q

plants cultivated that are source of energy and proteins, respectively

A

cereals - energy
legumes - proteins

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17
Q

cereals and legumes of americas, africas, near east, and asia

A

americas - maize and peanuts
africa - sorghum and beans
near east - wheat, barley and beans
asia - rice and soybeans

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18
Q

origin crops: India, Indochina, and the Pacific Islands

A
  • asian rice
  • pigeon pea, winged bean, rice bean, yams, arrowroot, taro
  • coconut
  • bread fruit. orange, lime, tangerine
  • grapefruit, mango, banana, plantain
  • cucumber, nutmeg, eggplant, jute
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19
Q

origin crops: China

A
  • asian rice, proso and foxtail millets
  • soybean, adzuki bean
  • turnip, yams
  • rape seed
  • chinese hickory, chestnut, quince
  • persimmon, litchi, apricot, peach
  • chinese cabbage, ginger
  • tea, ginseng, camphor
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20
Q

origin crops: Near Eastern

A
  • wheat, barley, rye, oat-
  • pea, chickpea (garbanzo)
  • lentil, lupine
  • turnip, carrot, radish
  • rape seed, safflower, flax
  • olive
  • fig, walnut, date palm
  • almond, grape, apple, pear
  • plum
  • onion and relatives, lettuce, saffron, parsley
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20
Q

origin crops: Africa

A
  • african rice, pearl millet, sorghum
  • cowpea, hyacinth bean
  • yam
  • oil palm, castor bean
  • watermelon, melon
  • okra, kenaf, coffee
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20
Q

origin crops: Mesoamerica

A
  • maize
  • amaranth
  • phaseolus beans
  • cotton, agave (sisal)
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21
Q

origin crops: South America

A
  • peanut, phaseolus beans
  • potato, sweet potato, cassava
  • peanut
  • cotton
  • cashew, pineapple, brazil nut
  • papaya, avocado, guava
  • pepper, squash
  • cocoa
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22
Q

(endemic) crops that are only in the Philippines

A
  • Abaca (Musa textilis)
  • Pili (Canarium ovatum)
  • Kapa-kapa (Medinilla magnifica)
  • Jade vine (Strongylodon macrobotrys)
  • Mussaenda (Mussaenda)
  • Waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana)
  • Lubi-lubi (Ficus psuedopalma)
  • Duhat (Syzigium cumini)
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23
Q

what is the sustainable development of agriculture?

A

balancing of the potential tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives

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24
Q

historical bg: food collection; 8000 BC

A
  • middle stone age
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25
Q

historical bg: raising of crop; 7000 BC

A
  • new stone age
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25
Q

historical bg: rise of centers of agriculture; 3500 BC

A
  • bronze age
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25
Q

historical bg: early development of cultural management practices; 1000 BC

A
  • iron age
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25
Q

historical bg: diffusion of agriculture; 14th century AD

A
  • discovery of new world
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25
Q

historical bg: events in the 40s?

A
  • basic research = agri chemicals
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25
Q

historical bg: events in 14th - 17th C?

A
  • agri revolution / scientific method of agri = plant anatomy, plant systematics, genetics / breeding
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25
Q

historical bg: events in 20th C?

A
  • technological changes in agriculture = new plant cultivars, improved crop nutrition, improved irrigation techniques
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26
Q

historical bg: events in 21st C?

A
  • biotechnology and GMOs
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26
Q

explain events in the 70s Green Revolution

A
  • high yielding variety and high inputs
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26
Q

historical bg: events in 60s - 70s?

A
  • green revolution and CGIAR centers
26
Q

stages of PH agriculture: give events in POST-WAR

A
  • introduction of tech improvement
  • establishment of IRRI in the 1960s
  • development and expansion of international agri
  • exports: coco/by products, mango, banana, sugar, and pineapple
26
Q

historical bg: events in 80s to 90s?

A
  • environmental concerns, integrated / alternative approaches in agri
26
Q

explain events in the 80s Productivity Decline

A
  • land conversions, soil degradations, climate change, chemical pollution, eroding biodiversity, water distribution
27
Q

explain events in the 90s Alternative Agriculture

A
  • soil health conservation, nutrient cycling, less use of chemical inputs, improved WUE, varietal resistance to pests and stress environments; minimum tillage, etc.
27
Q

stages of PH agriculture: give events in PRE-COLONIAL

A
  • Indo-Malayan migrants brought wet rice agriculture
  • slash and burn type = shifting agri
  • main crops = rice, corn, banana, coconuts, gabi, citrus, ginger, clove
  • no agricultural specialization = subsistence agri
  • private land ownership = did not exist
  • absence of surpluses
  • limited foreign trade
  • food scarcity in some
27
Q

characteristics of PH agriculture

A
  • low adoption rates of component techs
  • heavy dependence of imported inputs
  • essentially monoculture
  • middlemen-mediated marketing
27
Q

stages of PH agriculture: give events in COLONIAL

A
  • increased agri production (surpluses produced)
  • plant introduction (mulberry, cacao, whet, cucumber, cantaloupe, coffee, new varieties of cereals and peas
  • hacienda system (introduced)
  • technological innovations in production and processing (introduced)
28
Q

state of ph agri

A
  • poor agriculture performance due to failed policies
  • inadequate infrastructure
  • declining competitiveness
  • deteriorating environment
  • continuing food imports
29
Q

strengths of ph agri

A
  • availability of expertise
  • basic institutions in place
  • rich natural resources
  • techs are at hand or forthcoming
30
Q

weaknesses of ph agri

A
  • physical = climatic stresses; soil erosion
  • biological = insects, diseases, weeds
  • socioeconomic = low fam income, inadequate support services
  • middlemen-mediated marketing
31
Q

opportunities of PH agri

A
  • diverse agro-environment; diverse cropping system
  • wide range of soils and climate, growing diff crops
  • whole year round growing period (sunlight = 11 to 13 hrs; temp = 24 to 32 hrs; rainfall = 2400-4000mm/yr)
32
Q

threats of PH agri

A
  • population growth
  • globalization
  • weak governance
  • deteriorating natural resource endowments
  • brain drain
  • land conversion
33
Q

data from 2017 to 2021: biomass

A
  1. sugarcane
  2. palay
  3. coconut
  4. banana
  5. corn
  6. cassava / pineapple
34
Q

data from 2017 to 2021: value / price

A
  1. palay
  2. banana
  3. coconut
  4. corn
  5. sugarcane
  6. pineapple
  7. mango
34
Q

data from 2017 to 2021: area planted

A
  1. palay
  2. coconut
  3. corn
  4. banana
  5. sugarcane
  6. rubber
  7. cassava
35
Q

how do we identify / classify crops?

A
  • taxonomic classif based on morphology and other markers
  • descriptive-based on environmental adaptation, growth habit, other observable features
  • classif based on phylogenetic relationship
35
Q

give examples of cole crops / crucifers

A
  • brassicas (broccoli, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts)
35
Q

cultivated plants grown for human food and animal feed

35
Q

give examples of Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits)

A
  • gourd family; cucurbita = squash, pumpkin, zucchini
35
Q

mostly inedible gourds

36
Q

plants whose fruit is enclosed in a pod

37
Q

refers only to the dried seed in a legume

38
Q

any of several fruits of plants of the family Solanaceae (genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Lycopersion)

A
  • Solonaceous
39
Q

any of genus (Lilium of fam Liliaceae) of erect perennial leafy-stemmed bulbous herbs

40
Q

large-scale crops grown for food, feed, fiber, or fuel production; often grown in extensive agri systems (fields or large plantations)

A
  • agronomic crops
41
Q

grown for their aesthetic, ornamental, medicinal, or culinary value; smaller-scale operations (gardens, nurseries, or greenhouses)

A

horticultural crops

42
Q

crops (usually legumes) grown for specific period and then plowed under and incorporated into soil to improve soil fertility

A
  • green manure
43
Q

fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of main crop

A

catch crop

44
Q

crop grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion, and control weeds

A

cover crops

45
Q

crop planted close to another due to benefits it confer to other plant (ex. insect-repelling acts)

A

companion crops

46
Q

plant grown to protect main crop from biotic and abiotic factors

47
Q

forage crops w/c are cut when green and succulent and are fed to livestock without curing

48
Q

crops harvested, processed and stored in succulent condition for feeds to livestock

49
Q

discipline dealing with scientific approaches to improve quality of crops and their management for more economical production

A

crop science

50
Q

agros - field; nomos - manage; deals with principles and practices of managing field crops and soils

51
Q

hortus (garden); gyrdan (to enclose); colere (cultivate) ; concept of gardens / plants within an enclosure is distinct from culture of field crops; implies more intensive cultivation of field crops

A

horticulture

52
Q

contribution of related sciences to crop production

A
  • crop breeding / genetics = improvement of heritable crop properties
  • botany = plant structure, processes / relationship with environment
  • soil science = soil fertility and management
  • plant pathology / entomology = pests and their environment
  • agricultural engineering = structures/machineries, crop processing, waste management
  • agricultural economics = production and marketing
  • agrometereology = weather (forecasting)
53
Q

(National Research Institutions) Give meaning: PhilRice

A

Philippine Rice Research Institute

54
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: PCA

A

Philippine Coconut Authority

55
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: SRA

A

Sugar Regulatory Administration

56
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: NTA

A

National Tobacco Administration

57
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: NARC

A

National Abaca Research Center

58
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: PhilFIDA

A

Philippine Fiber Industry and Development Authority

59
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: PhilRoots

A

Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center

60
Q

(NARs) Give meaning: NPRCRTC

A

Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center

61
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: IRRI

A

International Rice Research Institute

62
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIMMYT

A

Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maize y Trigo

63
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIP

A

Centro de Internacional de Patatas

64
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: ICARDA

A

Internacional Center for Agri Research in the Dry Areas

65
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIAT

A

Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical

66
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: IITA

A

International Institute for Tropical Agriculture

67
Q

(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: Bioversity International

A

Bioversity International

AGRI 31 - LEC (1 decks)

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