PART A: INTRODUCTION Flashcards
1
Q
systematic raising of useful plants and livestock under management of mane
A
agriculture
2
Q
entire system that links producers and consumers of food and non-food agri products
A
agriculture
3
Q
basic human need
A
food
4
Q
true or false: 3/4 people depend directly/indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood (developing world)
A
true
5
Q
give examples of situations that show the changing environments: ex. arable land
A
- decreasing amount of arable land
- urbanization and land uses
- decreasing number of people engaged in agriculture
6
Q
give examples of changing global climate (ex. floods)
A
- drought
- tsunami
- floods
- flash floods
7
Q
what is the challenge of agriculture in changing environments?
A
enough to feed the growing population of developing nations (with other factors affecting such as dec arable lands, dec people engaged in agri, changing global climate, pandemic)
8
Q
goal of agriculture in changing environments
A
to have a more productive culture
9
Q
when did agriculture start?
A
later than existence of man; 10-15T years before present
10
Q
why did agriculture start? (theories)
A
- agriculture as a divine gift
- discovery
- result of stress
- extension of gathering
11
Q
where did agri start? 8 centers?
A
china, india, central asia, near east, mediterranean, ethiopia, mesoamerica, south america
12
Q
evidences of origins of agriculture
A
- living plants
- archeological finds
- pottery
- literature
- history
13
Q
what type of plants thrive in disturbed areas (open lands), has short life cycle, and has high competitive ability?
A
grass type plants
13
Q
what are the elements to start agriculture?
A
plants, man, environment
14
Q
history of agriculture: encouragement of growth
A
cultivation
15
Q
history of agriculture: selection of particularly useful plants by man
A
domestication
16
Q
plants cultivated that are source of energy and proteins, respectively
A
cereals - energy
legumes - proteins
17
Q
cereals and legumes of americas, africas, near east, and asia
A
americas - maize and peanuts
africa - sorghum and beans
near east - wheat, barley and beans
asia - rice and soybeans
18
Q
origin crops: India, Indochina, and the Pacific Islands
A
- asian rice
- pigeon pea, winged bean, rice bean, yams, arrowroot, taro
- coconut
- bread fruit. orange, lime, tangerine
- grapefruit, mango, banana, plantain
- cucumber, nutmeg, eggplant, jute
19
Q
origin crops: China
A
- asian rice, proso and foxtail millets
- soybean, adzuki bean
- turnip, yams
- rape seed
- chinese hickory, chestnut, quince
- persimmon, litchi, apricot, peach
- chinese cabbage, ginger
- tea, ginseng, camphor
20
Q
origin crops: Near Eastern
A
- wheat, barley, rye, oat-
- pea, chickpea (garbanzo)
- lentil, lupine
- turnip, carrot, radish
- rape seed, safflower, flax
- olive
- fig, walnut, date palm
- almond, grape, apple, pear
- plum
- onion and relatives, lettuce, saffron, parsley
20
Q
origin crops: Africa
A
- african rice, pearl millet, sorghum
- cowpea, hyacinth bean
- yam
- oil palm, castor bean
- watermelon, melon
- okra, kenaf, coffee
20
Q
origin crops: Mesoamerica
A
- maize
- amaranth
- phaseolus beans
- cotton, agave (sisal)
21
Q
origin crops: South America
A
- peanut, phaseolus beans
- potato, sweet potato, cassava
- peanut
- cotton
- cashew, pineapple, brazil nut
- papaya, avocado, guava
- pepper, squash
- cocoa
22
(endemic) crops that are only in the Philippines
- Abaca (Musa textilis)
- Pili (Canarium ovatum)
- Kapa-kapa (Medinilla magnifica)
- Jade vine (Strongylodon macrobotrys)
- Mussaenda (Mussaenda)
- Waling-waling (Vanda sanderiana)
- Lubi-lubi (Ficus psuedopalma)
- Duhat (Syzigium cumini)
23
what is the sustainable development of agriculture?
balancing of the potential tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives
24
historical bg: food collection; 8000 BC
- middle stone age
25
historical bg: raising of crop; 7000 BC
- new stone age
25
historical bg: rise of centers of agriculture; 3500 BC
- bronze age
25
historical bg: early development of cultural management practices; 1000 BC
- iron age
25
historical bg: diffusion of agriculture; 14th century AD
- discovery of new world
25
historical bg: events in the 40s?
- basic research = agri chemicals
25
historical bg: events in 14th - 17th C?
- agri revolution / scientific method of agri = plant anatomy, plant systematics, genetics / breeding
25
historical bg: events in 20th C?
- technological changes in agriculture = new plant cultivars, improved crop nutrition, improved irrigation techniques
26
historical bg: events in 21st C?
- biotechnology and GMOs
26
explain events in the 70s Green Revolution
- high yielding variety and high inputs
26
historical bg: events in 60s - 70s?
- green revolution and CGIAR centers
26
stages of PH agriculture: give events in POST-WAR
- introduction of tech improvement
- establishment of IRRI in the 1960s
- development and expansion of international agri
- exports: coco/by products, mango, banana, sugar, and pineapple
26
historical bg: events in 80s to 90s?
- environmental concerns, integrated / alternative approaches in agri
26
explain events in the 80s Productivity Decline
- land conversions, soil degradations, climate change, chemical pollution, eroding biodiversity, water distribution
27
explain events in the 90s Alternative Agriculture
- soil health conservation, nutrient cycling, less use of chemical inputs, improved WUE, varietal resistance to pests and stress environments; minimum tillage, etc.
27
stages of PH agriculture: give events in PRE-COLONIAL
- Indo-Malayan migrants brought wet rice agriculture
- slash and burn type = shifting agri
- main crops = rice, corn, banana, coconuts, gabi, citrus, ginger, clove
- no agricultural specialization = subsistence agri
- private land ownership = did not exist
- absence of surpluses
- limited foreign trade
- food scarcity in some
27
characteristics of PH agriculture
- low adoption rates of component techs
- heavy dependence of imported inputs
- essentially monoculture
- middlemen-mediated marketing
27
stages of PH agriculture: give events in COLONIAL
- increased agri production (surpluses produced)
- plant introduction (mulberry, cacao, whet, cucumber, cantaloupe, coffee, new varieties of cereals and peas
- hacienda system (introduced)
- technological innovations in production and processing (introduced)
28
state of ph agri
- poor agriculture performance due to failed policies
- inadequate infrastructure
- declining competitiveness
- deteriorating environment
- continuing food imports
29
strengths of ph agri
- availability of expertise
- basic institutions in place
- rich natural resources
- techs are at hand or forthcoming
30
weaknesses of ph agri
- physical = climatic stresses; soil erosion
- biological = insects, diseases, weeds
- socioeconomic = low fam income, inadequate support services
- middlemen-mediated marketing
31
opportunities of PH agri
- diverse agro-environment; diverse cropping system
- wide range of soils and climate, growing diff crops
- whole year round growing period (sunlight = 11 to 13 hrs; temp = 24 to 32 hrs; rainfall = 2400-4000mm/yr)
32
threats of PH agri
- population growth
- globalization
- weak governance
- deteriorating natural resource endowments
- brain drain
- land conversion
33
data from 2017 to 2021: biomass
1. sugarcane
2. palay
3. coconut
4. banana
5. corn
6. cassava / pineapple
34
data from 2017 to 2021: value / price
1. palay
2. banana
3. coconut
4. corn
5. sugarcane
6. pineapple
7. mango
34
data from 2017 to 2021: area planted
1. palay
2. coconut
3. corn
4. banana
5. sugarcane
6. rubber
7. cassava
35
how do we identify / classify crops?
- taxonomic classif based on morphology and other markers
- descriptive-based on environmental adaptation, growth habit, other observable features
- classif based on phylogenetic relationship
35
give examples of cole crops / crucifers
- brassicas (broccoli, kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts)
35
cultivated plants grown for human food and animal feed
- crop
35
give examples of Cucurbitaceae (cucurbits)
- gourd family; cucurbita = squash, pumpkin, zucchini
35
mostly inedible gourds
- lageneria
36
plants whose fruit is enclosed in a pod
- legume
37
refers only to the dried seed in a legume
- pulse
38
any of several fruits of plants of the family Solanaceae (genera Solanum, Capsicum, and Lycopersion)
- Solonaceous
39
any of genus (Lilium of fam Liliaceae) of erect perennial leafy-stemmed bulbous herbs
- lillies
40
large-scale crops grown for food, feed, fiber, or fuel production; often grown in extensive agri systems (fields or large plantations)
- agronomic crops
41
grown for their aesthetic, ornamental, medicinal, or culinary value; smaller-scale operations (gardens, nurseries, or greenhouses)
horticultural crops
42
crops (usually legumes) grown for specific period and then plowed under and incorporated into soil to improve soil fertility
- green manure
43
fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of main crop
catch crop
44
crop grown primarily to provide ground cover to improve soil properties, control erosion, and control weeds
cover crops
45
crop planted close to another due to benefits it confer to other plant (ex. insect-repelling acts)
companion crops
46
plant grown to protect main crop from biotic and abiotic factors
trap crop
47
forage crops w/c are cut when green and succulent and are fed to livestock without curing
soilage
48
crops harvested, processed and stored in succulent condition for feeds to livestock
silage
49
discipline dealing with scientific approaches to improve quality of crops and their management for more economical production
crop science
50
agros - field; nomos - manage; deals with principles and practices of managing field crops and soils
agronomy
51
hortus (garden); gyrdan (to enclose); colere (cultivate) ; concept of gardens / plants within an enclosure is distinct from culture of field crops; implies more intensive cultivation of field crops
horticulture
52
contribution of related sciences to crop production
- crop breeding / genetics = improvement of heritable crop properties
- botany = plant structure, processes / relationship with environment
- soil science = soil fertility and management
- plant pathology / entomology = pests and their environment
- agricultural engineering = structures/machineries, crop processing, waste management
- agricultural economics = production and marketing
- agrometereology = weather (forecasting)
53
(National Research Institutions) Give meaning: PhilRice
Philippine Rice Research Institute
54
(NARs) Give meaning: PCA
Philippine Coconut Authority
55
(NARs) Give meaning: SRA
Sugar Regulatory Administration
56
(NARs) Give meaning: NTA
National Tobacco Administration
57
(NARs) Give meaning: NARC
National Abaca Research Center
58
(NARs) Give meaning: PhilFIDA
Philippine Fiber Industry and Development Authority
59
(NARs) Give meaning: PhilRoots
Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center
60
(NARs) Give meaning: NPRCRTC
Northern Philippines Root Crops Research and Training Center
61
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: IRRI
International Rice Research Institute
62
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIMMYT
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maize y Trigo
63
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIP
Centro de Internacional de Patatas
64
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: ICARDA
Internacional Center for Agri Research in the Dry Areas
65
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: CIAT
Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical
66
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: IITA
International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
67
(International Agri Res Centers) Give meaning: Bioversity International
Bioversity International
68
