Part A

Question 1

What are the three structures found in plants but not in animal cells?

Answer 1

Vavuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

Question 2

What is the structure that makes proteins?

Answer 2

Ribosimes

Question 3

What holds the genetic information in a cell?

Answer 3

The nucleus

Question 4

What controls the movement between cells?

Answer 4

The cell membrane

Question 5

Where do the chemical reactions in a cell?

Answer 5

Cytoplasm

Question 6

Where is the cell sap kept in the cell?

Answer 6

In the vacuole

Question 7

What is the structure of a bacteria cell?

Answer 7

Bacteria are single-celled organisms. Their genetic materials is not contained with a nucleus. Some cause disease, but many are useful.

Question 8

What is the structure of a fungi cell?

Answer 8

Complex structure of all microbes. They feed of other living organisms.

Question 9

What does a bacterial cell not have?

Answer 9

A nucleus

Question 10

What is diffusion?

Answer 10

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 11

Give an example of diffusion

Answer 11

On one side there is cotton wool dipped in hydrochloric acid and the other is cotton wool dipped in ammonia. When the particles meet via diffusion they make a new substance called ammonium chloride. Ammonia is a lighter/smaller molecule so diffuses quicker than hydrochloric acid. This is why they do not meet at the middle.

Question 12

What are the three factors that increase the rate of diffusion ?

Answer 12

1. By increasing the surface area-more space to diffuse across
2. Decreasing the diffusion distance
3. Greater concentration difference (gradient)

Question 13

What is a tissue?

Answer 13

A tissue is a group of specialised cells that have a similiar structure and function

Question 14

What are the three types of tissue?

Answer 14

Muscular- relax and contract to move our skeleton
Glanduar- produce secretion
Epithelial- coverig our body-organs

Question 15

How are organisms cells and organs adapted to maximise the rate of diffuse?

Answer 15

The membrane is selectively permeable, and they have a large surface area

Question 16

Explain why diffusion takes place faster when there is an increase in temperature

Answer 16

There is more kinetic energy as you have added more heat

Question 17

Explain in terms of diffusion why so many cells have folded membranes along at least one surface

Answer 17

A folded membrane has increased the surface area which speeds up the rate of diffusion

Question 18

What is the specialised plant cell that carries water?

Answer 18

The xylem

Question 19

What are the organelles where the reactions of respiration take place?

Answer 19

Mitochondria

Question 20

What is absorbed in the small intestine?

Answer 20

This is where the absorption of the food molecules in the blood stream takes place

Question 21

What does the liver produce?

Answer 21

This organ produces bile which is used to break down large fat globules into smaller droplets

Question 22

What does the stomach contain?

Answer 22

This organ contains protease, enzymes and also hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

Question 23

What does the salivary gland produce?

Answer 23

It produces saliva which contains the enzyme carbohydrase

Question 24

What does the pancreas produce?

Answer 24

It produces carbohydrase, lipase and protease enzymes and releases them to the small intestine

Question 25

What is stored in the rectum?

Answer 25

Faeces

Question 26

What happens in the mouth?

Answer 26

Food is chewed up by the teeth here and swallowed

Question 27

What is the oesophagus?

Answer 27

A tube that connect the mouth to the stomach

Question 28

What leaves the anus?

Answer 28

Faeces

Question 29

What is absorbed in the large intestines?

Answer 29

Water from the waste food is absorbed here

Question 30

What does the gall bladder store?

Answer 30

This organ stores bile

Question 31

What does bile do?

Answer 31

Bile helps with the digestion of fat/lipids made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

Question 32

What is an enzyme?

Answer 32

A folded protein molecule Fold produce a unique shape Shape of enzyme determines what the enzyme can react with

Question 33

What happens if you increase the temperature of an enzyme?

Answer 33

The rate of reaction will increase, however if you add too much heat it will denature the enzyme

Question 34

Why are only small amounts of enzyme are needed?

Answer 34

You can re-use an enzyme

Question 35

Where is lipase made?

Answer 35

Pancreatic juices and intestinal juices

Question 36

Where does lipase work?

Answer 36

In the small intestine

Question 37

What does lipase do?

Answer 37

Turns fats into fatty acids and glycerol by breaking it down

Question 38

Why do we have acid in the stomach?

Answer 38

To break down food- enzymes that work in the stomach are specific this is the optimum conditions

Question 39

What is the function of bile?

Answer 39

It is an alkali and neutralises acid which was added to the food in the stomach. In addition, bile emulsifies fats- increases the surface area of fats for lipase enzymes to act upon

Question 40

Where is amylase made?

Answer 40

In the mouth, pancreas and small intestine

Question 41

Where does amylase work?

Answer 41

In the mouth and small intestine

Question 42

What does the amylase do?

Answer 42

Digest starch to sugar

Question 43

What is protease made?

Answer 43

Pancreas juices, intestinal juices and stomach

Question 44

Where does the protease work?

Answer 44

Stomach and small intestine

Question 45

What does the protease do?

Answer 45

Turns proteins into amino acids by breaking them down

Question 46

Why do we need to digest food?

Answer 46

So we can absorb the nutrition into our body and can excrete the food we consume. Small molecules are absorbed into the blood

Question 47

Name some uses of enzyme in industry

Answer 47

Carbohydrase are used to convert starch into sugar Protease are used in baby food and washing powder as it helps break down the protein Lactase is used to produce lactose free milk as it breakdowns lactose into glucose and galalose

Question 48

What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?

Answer 48

It lowers the temperatures and pressures required for reactions. Means cheaper equipment can be used Lower energy costs

Question 49

What are the disadvantages to using enzymes in industry?

Answer 49

They can be expensive to produce Can be hard to extract from the product (unless immobilised) Need to keep conditions constant to not denature enzyme

Question 50

Why do we need energy?

Answer 50

To move | To make amino acids or proteins

Question 51

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 51

glucose + oxygen -------> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 52

Where does most of respiration reactions take place?

Answer 52

In the mitochondria

Question 53

What cells need more mitochondria?

Answer 53

Muscle cells have more mitochondria as they require more energy

Question 54

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 54

Glucose ---> lactic acid + energy

Question 55

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 55

Anaerobic does not require oxygen and produces lactic acid, however makes less energy than aerobic Aerobic requires oxygen but has more energy

Question 56

What is meiosis?

Answer 56

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Question 57

What is a gamete?

Answer 57

Another term for sex cells

Question 58

What is mitosis used for?

Answer 58

Used for growth and repair of cells | Used in sexual reproduction

Question 59

What is produced out of mitosis?

Answer 59

Cells with identical number of chromosones and genetic information are produced

Question 60

What is meiosis used for?

Answer 60

Used to produce gametes for sexual reproduction