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Biology b2 > Part A > Flashcards

Part A Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three structures found in plants but not in animal cells?

A

Vavuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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2
Q

What is the structure that makes proteins?

A

Ribosimes

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3
Q

What holds the genetic information in a cell?

A

The nucleus

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4
Q

What controls the movement between cells?

A

The cell membrane

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5
Q

Where do the chemical reactions in a cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Where is the cell sap kept in the cell?

A

In the vacuole

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7
Q

What is the structure of a bacteria cell?

A

Bacteria are single-celled organisms. Their genetic materials is not contained with a nucleus. Some cause disease, but many are useful.

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8
Q

What is the structure of a fungi cell?

A

Complex structure of all microbes. They feed of other living organisms.

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9
Q

What does a bacterial cell not have?

A

A nucleus

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10
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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11
Q

Give an example of diffusion

A

On one side there is cotton wool dipped in hydrochloric acid and the other is cotton wool dipped in ammonia. When the particles meet via diffusion they make a new substance called ammonium chloride. Ammonia is a lighter/smaller molecule so diffuses quicker than hydrochloric acid. This is why they do not meet at the middle.

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12
Q

What are the three factors that increase the rate of diffusion ?

A
  1. By increasing the surface area-more space to diffuse across
  2. Decreasing the diffusion distance
  3. Greater concentration difference (gradient)
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13
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of specialised cells that have a similiar structure and function

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14
Q

What are the three types of tissue?

A

Muscular- relax and contract to move our skeleton
Glanduar- produce secretion
Epithelial- coverig our body-organs

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15
Q

How are organisms cells and organs adapted to maximise the rate of diffuse?

A

The membrane is selectively permeable, and they have a large surface area

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16
Q

Explain why diffusion takes place faster when there is an increase in temperature

A

There is more kinetic energy as you have added more heat

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17
Q

Explain in terms of diffusion why so many cells have folded membranes along at least one surface

A

A folded membrane has increased the surface area which speeds up the rate of diffusion

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18
Q

What is the specialised plant cell that carries water?

A

The xylem

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19
Q

What are the organelles where the reactions of respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

What is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

This is where the absorption of the food molecules in the blood stream takes place

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21
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

This organ produces bile which is used to break down large fat globules into smaller droplets

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22
Q

What does the stomach contain?

A

This organ contains protease, enzymes and also hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

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23
Q

What does the salivary gland produce?

A

It produces saliva which contains the enzyme carbohydrase

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24
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

It produces carbohydrase, lipase and protease enzymes and releases them to the small intestine

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25
Q

What is stored in the rectum?

A

Faeces

26
Q

What happens in the mouth?

A

Food is chewed up by the teeth here and swallowed

27
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A tube that connect the mouth to the stomach

28
Q

What leaves the anus?

A

Faeces

29
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestines?

A

Water from the waste food is absorbed here

30
Q

What does the gall bladder store?

A

This organ stores bile

31
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile helps with the digestion of fat/lipids made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A folded protein molecule
Fold produce a unique shape
Shape of enzyme determines what the enzyme can react with

33
Q

What happens if you increase the temperature of an enzyme?

A

The rate of reaction will increase, however if you add too much heat it will denature the enzyme

34
Q

Why are only small amounts of enzyme are needed?

A

You can re-use an enzyme

35
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreatic juices and intestinal juices

36
Q

Where does lipase work?

A

In the small intestine

37
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Turns fats into fatty acids and glycerol by breaking it down

38
Q

Why do we have acid in the stomach?

A

To break down food- enzymes that work in the stomach are specific this is the optimum conditions

39
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It is an alkali and neutralises acid which was added to the food in the stomach. In addition, bile emulsifies fats- increases the surface area of fats for lipase enzymes to act upon

40
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

In the mouth, pancreas and small intestine

41
Q

Where does amylase work?

A

In the mouth and small intestine

42
Q

What does the amylase do?

A

Digest starch to sugar

43
Q

What is protease made?

A

Pancreas juices, intestinal juices and stomach

44
Q

Where does the protease work?

A

Stomach and small intestine

45
Q

What does the protease do?

A

Turns proteins into amino acids by breaking them down

46
Q

Why do we need to digest food?

A

So we can absorb the nutrition into our body and can excrete the food we consume. Small molecules are absorbed into the blood

47
Q

Name some uses of enzyme in industry

A

Carbohydrase are used to convert starch into sugar
Protease are used in baby food and washing powder as it helps break down the protein
Lactase is used to produce lactose free milk as it breakdowns lactose into glucose and galalose

48
Q

What are the advantages of using enzymes in industry?

A

It lowers the temperatures and pressures required for reactions. Means cheaper equipment can be used
Lower energy costs

49
Q

What are the disadvantages to using enzymes in industry?

A

They can be expensive to produce
Can be hard to extract from the product (unless immobilised)
Need to keep conditions constant to not denature enzyme

50
Q

Why do we need energy?

A

To move

To make amino acids or proteins

51
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen ——-> carbon dioxide + water + energy

52
Q

Where does most of respiration reactions take place?

A

In the mitochondria

53
Q

What cells need more mitochondria?

A

Muscle cells have more mitochondria as they require more energy

54
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

55
Q

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic does not require oxygen and produces lactic acid, however makes less energy than aerobic
Aerobic requires oxygen but has more energy

56
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

57
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Another term for sex cells

58
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Used for growth and repair of cells

Used in sexual reproduction

59
Q

What is produced out of mitosis?

A

Cells with identical number of chromosones and genetic information are produced

60
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

Used to produce gametes for sexual reproduction

Biology b2 (2 decks)

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