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Block 1 Partial Exam 4 > Part 4 > Flashcards

Part 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do lymphoid progenitor cells migrate?

A

Thymus

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2
Q

What percentage of thymocytes pass the tests in the thymus?

A

Minority

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3
Q

What is the fate of thymocytes that fail the thymus tests?

A

Eliminated

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4
Q

What occurs during TCR gene rearrangement?

A

TCR gene splicing

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5
Q

What do double-positive T cells express?

A

CD4 and CD8

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6
Q

How is TCR gene rearrangement similar to another immune process?

A

Antibody rearrangement

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7
Q

What do double-positive T cells differentiate into?

A

CD4+ or CD8+ T cells

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8
Q

What type of MHC do CD8+ T cells recognize?

A

MHC Class I

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9
Q

What type of MHC do CD4+ T cells recognize?

A

MHC Class II

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10
Q

What is required for T-cell activation?

A

Co-stimulatory signals

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11
Q

What cells present antigens to naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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12
Q

Where do naive T cells survey for antigens?

A

Lymph nodes

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13
Q

What is the role of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells?

A

Killing infected cells

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14
Q

How do CD4+ helper T cells aid immune responses?

A

Secreting cytokines

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15
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

A

Inhibit immune responses

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16
Q

Which cytokines promote Th1 differentiation?

A

IL-12 & IFN-y

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17
Q

Which cytokine promotes Th2 differentiation?

A

IL-4

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18
Q

What does IL-17 recruit in Th17 responses?

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

What do CD8+ T cells express after activation?

A

Fas-ligand

20
Q

Which receptor does Fas-ligand bind on infected cells?

A

CD95

21
Q

What is the final step in the killing process by CD8+ T cells?

A

Apoptosis

22
Q

What is the first antibody produced by B cells?

A

IgM

23
Q

Where does affinity maturation occur?

A

Germinal centers

24
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Activates eosinophils and mast cells

25
Q

What is the first phase of T cell response?

A

Antigen recognition

26
Q

What does clonal expansion lead to?

A

Germinal center formation

27
Q

What cells are formed in the effector phase?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)

28
Q

What is the function of IgG in neutralization?

A

Binds to toxins or pathogens

29
Q

What does opsonization involve?

A

Coating bacterial surfaces for phagocytes

30
Q

What immune cells are involved in ADCC?

A

NK cells

31
Q

Where does central tolerance occur?

A

Thymus or bone marrow

32
Q

What happens to self-reactive T cells in the thymus?

A

Apoptosis

33
Q

What protein is involved in peripheral tolerance?

A

CTLA-4

34
Q

What is the role of Tregs in immune tolerance?

A

Suppress other lymphocytes

35
Q

What happens when T cells recognize self-antigens?

A

Anergy

36
Q

What cytokines do Tregs secrete?

A

IL-10 & TGF-β

37
Q

Which receptors decrease on T cells during migration?

A

CCR7

38
Q

Where do T cells and B cells meet?

A

Edges of lymphoid follicles

39
Q

Which receptor increases on T cells in the follicles?

A

CXCR5

40
Q

How many autosomes are in human cells?

A

44

41
Q

Which region of chromosomes is gene-rich?

A

Euchromatic regions

42
Q

What process causes chromosome breakage?

A

Translocation

43
Q

Which radical is the most reactive?

A

Hydroxyl radical

44
Q

What proteins help with metal sequestration?

A

Albumin, transferrin

45
Q

Which antioxidant enzyme converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide?

A

Superoxide dismutase

Block 1 Partial Exam 4 (4 decks)

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