part 3: social policy & practice Flashcards
1
Q
features of the ideal german woman
A
- blonde hair, blue eyes (aryan)
- housewife
- not political
- dress modestly
- cooked frugally and well
- have lots of children
2
Q
who did hitler appoint as the head of nazi’s women’s league?
A
gertrude scholtz klink
3
Q
what was life like for women in weimar germany?
A
- could vote over 20
- choose any profession and many worked: 100,000 teachers and 3,000 doctors in 1933
- 10% of reichstag members in 1933
4
Q
how did the nazis limit freedom for women?
A
- banned from being lawyers in 1936 and nazis did their best to stop them following other professions
- league of german maidens spread nazi ideas that it was an honour to produce large families
- expected to dress in plain clothing and taught at school in eugenics how to choose aryan husbands
5
Q
how did the nazis ‘support’ women?
A
- special loans to new brides who agreed not to work (800,000 took)
- encourage to stop smoking, slimming and do sport to improve fertility
- encouraged to attend mothercraft and homecraft classes
6
Q
what was the duty year and what did it show and when?
A
1937-a year women women could work ‘patriotically’ in a factory, showed double standards
7
Q
what was the nazi slogan for women + meaning?
A
- kinder kirche kuche: children, kitchen and church
- nazi motto for women, those were the most important values
- life should revolve around these 3 things
8
Q
describe the law for encouragement of marriage + aim
A
- passed by hitler in 1933
- stated that all newly married couples would get a loan of 1000 marks (9 months avg income)
- the entire loan was cleared if the woman had 4 children
- aimed to encourage newly weds to have as many children as possible
9
Q
describe the motherhood cross award + aim
A
- on august 12th (hitler’s mum’s birthday) the cross was given to women who had given birth to most children
- 8 children for gold, 6 for silver, 4 for bronze
- encourage to have children
10
Q
describe lebensborn
A
- lebensborns were buildings where selected unmarried women could go and get pregnant by a ‘racially pure’ SS man
- openly publicised by government, encouraged
- had a white flag with a red dot in middle to identify them to the public
11
Q
why was the youth important for hitler?
A
- spoke of his third reich lasting 1000 years
- children were the future
12
Q
hitler youth statistics
A
- joined aged 10
- membership made compulsory in 1936
- by 1939, 90% of german boys aged 14 and over were members
13
Q
uniform hitler youth v league of german maidens
A
military style uniforms v blue skirt, white blouse and heavy marching shoes
14
Q
purpose / activities in hitler youth
A
- activities centred on physical exercise and political indoctrination
- aim to prepare boys to be future soldiers
- lessons in ‘real’ german history
15
Q
purpose / activities in league of german maidens
A
- some physical activity but mainly domestic
- prepare girls for future motherhood
16
Q
impact on youth of groups
A
- felt a part of something
- excited
- felt empowered
- met new friends
17
Q
control of teachers
A
- taught nazi ideology or were sacked
- sent to nazi training camps and joined nazi teachers association
- children encouraged to report if teachers opposed nazis or criticised them
18
Q
control of education
A
- p.e: made more important, 15% of timetable, boxing became compulsory for boys, had to pass physical examinations
- history: made more important, changed so students only studied history of germany which was biased towards them e.g injustice of treaty
- biology / eugenics: focused on nazi ideas of aryan race became superior, taught how to identify jews and other races, taught not to mix with other races, anti-semitism
- indoctrination in other subjects e.g in textbooks would criticise jews in maths problems
19
Q
religious stats in 1933
A
- 45 million protestants
- 22 million catholics
- therefore huge threat to hitler as it emphasised peace
20
Q
why did hitler dislike the catholic church?
A
- nazis believed in racial superiority v treating equal
- believed in use of violence v pacifism
- believed in dominance of strong over weak
- believed in fuhrer
21
Q
why did some christians support the nazis?
A
- believed in importance of marriage, family and moral values
- sworn to destroy communism (anti-religious)
- promised to respect the church
22
Q
describe control of catholic church
A
- in 1933, cooperated by agreeing a concordat with the pope: said they wouldn’t interfere with each other
- hitler soon broke agreement, catholic priests were harassed and arrested, youth groups shut down: sent to nazi schools which clased with beliefs
- 1937 pope’s ‘burning with anxiety’ statement read in catholic churches said nazis were hostile to christ and his church
- nazis continued to persecute priests, 400 sent to dachau camp
- august 1941, catholic archbishop galen openly criticised nazis and put under house arrest
23
Q
control of protestants
A
- state reich church under control of nazi bishop ludwig muller was established to unify branches of protestantism
- reich church attempted to ban use of old testament as it was considered jewish
- 800 pastors of confessional church sent to camps
- in 1937, forced to return control of church to old protestant leadership in return that church would stay out of politics
24
Q
what did hitler feel he had the right to persecute groups?
A
- saw them as inferior
- weakened nation
- threat to purity of aryans
25
which groups were persecuted?
- gypsies
- prostitutes
- disabled
- mentally ill
- homosexuals
- jews
26
describe the nazi social beliefs
- aryans were the master race and some races were 'untermensch' (sub-human)
- people with disabilities were degenerates whose genes needed to be eliminated from the human bloodlines
27
describe the policies of persecution
- sterilisation: groups prevented from reproducing, mentally and physically disabled, children born to german women and french african soldiers in rhineland (350,000 total)
- euthanasia programme: murdered 200,000 people with disabilities
- concentration camps: homosexuals, gypsies, prostitutes, jehovah's witnesses, alcoholics, pacifists, beggars, criminals
28
what was the T4 programme?
- hitler signed an order giving nazi doctors the power to administrate a mercy death
- propaganda appeared around germany
- by 1945, 275,000 killed in action T4
- 20 hospitals set up with special childrens wards
- over 5000 children taken from families and killed through lethal injection or starvation
29
describe the final solution
- last stage of holocaust, took place from 1941 to 1945
- deliberate planned mass murder of european jews
- september 3rd 1941 experimental gassings began at auschwitz with mass killings beginning January 1943
- deportation was first step
- upon arrival were stripped of valuables and clothes, hair shaved, dehumanised
30
NUREMBURG KRISTILLNACHT
