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TM112: Block 1 > part 3, Hardware and software concepts > Flashcards

part 3, Hardware and software concepts Flashcards

1
Q

this is a fixed length of bits

A

what is a word

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2
Q

give an overview of what happens during decode

A
  1. the control unit finds out what instruction is being held in the operator part of the instruction register and then sets up the necessary circuits and values for the instruction to take place
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3
Q

in detail what happens during the fetch

A
  1. The control unit sends a control signal on the control bus to the program counter telling it to put the address that it holds onto the address bus so that that location in memory can be read
  2. A memory read control signal is then sent to memory. This causes the data held in in the location being accessed to be put onto the data bus
  3. The control unit then ensures that the data is routed to the instruction register
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4
Q

how many bytes in a tebibyte (TiB)

A

this contains

240 bytes

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5
Q

what is the sample rate

A

this is how many samples are being taken per a second

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6
Q

what is a word

A

this is a fixed length of bits

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7
Q

what are the 2 jobs of the accumulator

A
  1. this has the job of storing numbers that are about to be used in an arithmetic operation.
  2. it also has the job of storing the output value of the operation just performed which can then be held for the next operation or sent back to main memory
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8
Q
  1. The control unit then sends an execute control signal to any component involved in the instruction so that that unit can carry out its work and load any values to there appropriate register such as the accumulator
  2. A control signal is then sent to the program counter to increase the counter by 1
  3. The cycle then repeats
A

what happens during execute

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9
Q

the bits that are held by this might tell you that the outcome of the last operation

  1. the integer was negative/positive
  2. was to large or too small to hold in the accumulator
A

what type of information might the bits held in the status reister tell you

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10
Q

explain what Just in time (JIT) compilation is

A

with this if a block of code is used frequently then it is compiled to machine code by the virtual machine and stored in cache. This eliminates the need for any further interpretation on the given block of code

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11
Q
  1. this follows a fetch-decode-execute cycle.
  2. is in charge of sending out control signals so that data may find its way from main memory to the cache and registers and then to the appropriate unit
  3. holds an instruction set and compares instructions when decoding them
A

what are 3 features of the control unit

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12
Q

this stands for

Complex instruction set computing (CISC)

A

what does CISC stand for

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13
Q

where can the status register be found and what is its role

A
  1. this can be found within the processor
  2. its role is to hold a report on the outcome of the last executed instruction
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14
Q

how many bits does one hexadecimal digit hold

A

this holds 4 bits (nibble)

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15
Q

this does not produce object code or an object program instead it only translates instructions as and when they are needed

A

how does an interpreter work

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16
Q

is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or kHz

A

how is the bit rate usually expressed

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17
Q

this holds the memory address of the next instruction and then when told by the control unit it will increment this address by one (this happens after execution but before fetching). if the control unit is told to jump to an address then the value will be held here

A

what is the role of the program counter

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18
Q

this part holds the instruction that the control unit will decode

A

explain the operator part of the instruction register

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19
Q

multi core processors give of less heat. why is this

A

the reason these give of less heat is because more heat is generated when a processor has to constantly switch between tasks. when a processsor can focus on one task it in turn will dissipate lesss heat

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20
Q
  1. The control unit sends a control signal on the control bus to the program counter telling it to put the address that it holds onto the address bus so that that location in memory can be read
  2. A memory read control signal is then sent to memory. This causes the data held in in the location being accessed to be put onto the data bus
  3. The control unit then ensures that the data is routed to the instruction register
A

in detail what happens during the fetch

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21
Q
  1. When a program is written knowledge of the processor is not needed and does not need to be coded into the program
  2. When a program is written knowledge of peripherals is not needed. This is handled by the operating system who holds device drivers that tell it how to operate different peripherals
  3. The operating system can handle memory management and ensure that two programs do not disturb/overwrite each other
  4. The operating system can orchestrate multiple programs running simultaneously
A

name 4 benefits that an operating system gives

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22
Q

what is an instruction set

A

this is a set of instructions that the processor understands and can execute

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23
Q

this holds 4 bits (nibble)

A

how many bits does one hexadecimal digit hold

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24
Q

this makes itslef more effiecient by

  1. predicting what instructions will need to be processed next
  2. using instructions that directly make this more efficient
  3. having a good management system for this
  4. loading large sequence of instructions into itself where possible
A

what 4 ways is cache made more efficient

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25
Q

this holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched

A

what value does the program counter hold

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26
Q

what are the 3 main types of instructions

A
  1. Arithmetic and logic operations - this includes operations that the ALU and FPU can both handle such as arithmetic, equality, comparisons. This also includes logic such as AND, NOT, OR
  2. Flow control - this is the flow of execution. This usually happens in sequential order of memory address but the flow can be altered using jumps or conditional jumps
  3. Data handling and memory operations - this is setting registers to a value or copying data from a main memory location to a register and vice versa
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27
Q

it distinguishes between these because of the way everything is organised

the OS will store instructions in a sequential fashion and then set the program counter to the first address of the instructions this way instructions and data can be kept seperated

A

how does the processor distinguish between instructions and data since both are written in binary

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28
Q

what handles the transfer of data from secondary memory

A

the transfer of data from this is handled by the operating system

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29
Q
  1. More human readable instructions with the use of (mnemonic names) such as MOV for move
  2. Memory addresses can be given symbolic names
  3. Can use decimal numbers and characters instead of just binary
  4. Comments may be added which are later ignored by the assembler
  5. Assemblers can do simple error checking before the program is ran
A

what are 5 advantages of assembly language over machine language

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30
Q

what happens during execute

A
  1. The control unit then sends an execute control signal to any component involved in the instruction so that that unit can carry out its work and load any values to there appropriate register such as the accumulator
  2. A control signal is then sent to the program counter to increase the counter by 1
  3. The cycle then repeats
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31
Q

this contains

220 = 1,048,576 bytes

A

how many bytes in a mebibyte (MiB)

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32
Q

the transfer of data from this is handled by the operating system

A

what handles the transfer of data from secondary memory

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33
Q

what are 3 features of the control unit

A
  1. this follows a fetch-decode-execute cycle.
  2. is in charge of sending out control signals so that data may find its way from main memory to the cache and registers and then to the appropriate unit
  3. holds an instruction set and compares instructions when decoding them
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34
Q

what 3 parts is an instruction made up of

A
  1. The instruction
  2. The register holding a value for the operation or a memory location that needs to be accessed
  3. An immediate value or constant that will be used with the instruction
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35
Q

once an instruction has been executed and output data produced what are the 3 steps the data then takes

A

the output data is carried back on the same journey in revese order

  1. registers
  2. cache
  3. main memory
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36
Q

explain what Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) is

A

this is a type of instruction set that is made up of fundamental instructions and then relys on software for more complex operations. Each instruction is fundamental enough to be carried out in one clock cycle. The number of bits per instruction can be fixed aswell as only one memory loaction will ever be used

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37
Q

this is a place where the current instruction is held so that it can be read by the control unit

A

what is the instruction register for

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38
Q

where is data and instructions stored

A

these are stored in RAM

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39
Q

this stands for Floating-point unit

A

what does FPU stand for and where can it be found

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40
Q

these are stored in RAM

A

where is data and instructions stored

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41
Q

in detail what happens during decode if the instruction was to add

A
  1. The control unit compares the instruction held in the operator part of the instruction register by using instruction comparison circuits
  2. As an example after the comparison it finds that it was an add instruction
  3. A control signal is then sent to the ALU
  4. The control unit also knows that the add instruction has two operands where the first will be already held in the accumulator from the previous cycle and the new value will be held as an address in the operand part of the instruction register
  5. The value held in the accumulator is copied to a register in the ALU using the data bus
  6. The memory address held in the operand part of the instruction register is read and its contents copied to a second register in the ALU
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42
Q

this stands for Arithmetic logic unit

A

what does ALU stand for and where can it be found

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43
Q

what is pipelining and which instruction set can utilize this technique best

A

allows processes to be carried out in parallel (that is at the same time)

This allows a processor to finish tasks quicker and with more efficiency. Risc has the advantage here as each instruction predictably takes one clock cycle where as with cisc some processes take one clock cycle while others take more the downside of this is that waiting occurs on the process that takes longest

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44
Q

what is assembly language

A

is a programming language that is more readable to humans than machine language. this language is able to access all features and instructions available on the processor

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45
Q
  1. Once the object code (bytecode) has been compiled it can be ran on any machine
  2. Programs ran in the virtual machine can be considered safer since the virtual machine can be programmed to do things such as only using trusted files
A

what are two advantages of bytecode

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46
Q
  1. L1 - the fastest level but can hold a very small amount of bits
  2. L2 - slower than L1 but can hold more bits
  3. L3 slower than L2 but can hold more bits
  4. L4 slower than L3 but can hold more bits
A

name four layers of cache and there features

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47
Q

this is a set of instructions that the processor understands and can execute

A

what is an instruction set

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48
Q

The number of pulses per second is usually measured in GHz.

A

what is the number of pulses the processor clock gives out usually measured in

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49
Q

convert

F1

to binary

A

convert

1111 0001

to hexadecimal

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50
Q

how is the bit rate usually expressed

A

is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or kHz

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51
Q

how does an interpreter work

A

this does not produce object code or an object program instead it only translates instructions as and when they are needed

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52
Q

what is the control bus for

A

this carries control signals between the components of the processor and main memory

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53
Q

when a program is written in assembly language what is the name of the transalation program that translates it to machine language

A

this uses a translation program called an assembler

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54
Q

what is the instruction register for

A

this is a place where the current instruction is held so that it can be read by the control unit

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55
Q

is a programming language that is more readable to humans than machine language. this language is able to access all features and instructions available on the processor

A

what is assembly language

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56
Q
  1. The control unit compares the instruction held in the operator part of the instruction register by using instruction comparison circuits
  2. As an example after the comparison it finds that it was an add instruction
  3. A control signal is then sent to the ALU
  4. The control unit also knows that the add instruction has two operands where the first will be already held in the accumulator from the previous cycle and the new value will be held as an address in the operand part of the instruction register
  5. The value held in the accumulator is copied to a register in the ALU using the data bus
  6. The memory address held in the operand part of the instruction register is read and its contents copied to a second register in the ALU
A

in detail what happens during decode if the instruction was to add

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57
Q

This is how many bits are being used per a sample and is also linked to how many quantisation levels there are

2 bits per sample would give 22 = 4 quantisation levels

A

what is the bit depth

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58
Q
  1. The instruction
  2. The register holding a value for the operation or a memory location that needs to be accessed
  3. An immediate value or constant that will be used with the instruction
A

what 3 parts is an instruction made up of

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59
Q

this is base 16 and uses values from 0 to F

A

what base is hexadecimal and what values does it use

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60
Q

this is the time between two clock pulses

A

what is 1 clock cycle

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61
Q

explain the operand part of the instruction register

A

this part holds any data that must be used with the instruction

such data could include

  1. a constant value
  2. a memory address holding a value
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62
Q
  1. Arithmetic and logic operations - this includes operations that the ALU and FPU can both handle such as arithmetic, equality, comparisons. This also includes logic such as AND, NOT, OR
  2. Flow control - this is the flow of execution. This usually happens in sequential order of memory address but the flow can be altered using jumps or conditional jumps
  3. Data handling and memory operations - this is setting registers to a value or copying data from a main memory location to a register and vice versa
A

what are the 3 main types of instructions

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63
Q

what is the data register used for

A

this is temporary storage space and holds data that are on their way to the ALU or FPU or on their way back to main memory

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64
Q

what is the address bus for

A

this carries the address of the memory locations to be accessed (when an address is put on this bus that address becomes accessible for read and writes)

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65
Q

from here the instruction or data will be stored in cache

A

when an instruction is retrieved from ram where is it stored

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66
Q

what is a bus

A

this is wiring that connects all components inside the processor as well as components outside the processor such as main memory and other components on the motherboard

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67
Q

name 4 benefits that an operating system gives

A
  1. When a program is written knowledge of the processor is not needed and does not need to be coded into the program
  2. When a program is written knowledge of peripherals is not needed. This is handled by the operating system who holds device drivers that tell it how to operate different peripherals
  3. The operating system can handle memory management and ensure that two programs do not disturb/overwrite each other
  4. The operating system can orchestrate multiple programs running simultaneously
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68
Q

this sends out a number of pulses per second. The pulse is used to keep all components in sync and working together.

A

what is the processor clock used for

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69
Q

why is cache needed

A

this is intermediate memory that lies in between main memory and the registers.

its importance lies in the fact that the processor and registers transfer data at much higher speeds than main memory can handle and so this is needed to act as pool where instructions and data can be stored

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70
Q

explain the operator part of the instruction register

A

this part holds the instruction that the control unit will decode

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71
Q
  1. this will hold two or more processors on a single chip.
  2. each processor can run its own fetch-decode-execute cycle
  3. each processor will most likely have its own L1 cache
  4. in many cases L2 cache and higher will be shared
A

give 4 features of a multi core processor

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72
Q

this is the act of splitting a task up and distributing it between the cores.

A

explain what threading is

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73
Q

takes a program written in assembly language and converts it into an equivalent program in machine language. The program can then be loaded into memory and executed

A

what is an assembler

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74
Q

in general is a program written in a language where each instruction may be translated to one or more instructions in machine language

A

what is a high level programming language

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75
Q

what is the formula to find the bit rate (BPS)

A
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76
Q

Both machine language and assembly languages are examples of a low level language this is because for each instruction written in the program one instruction is carried out by the processor

A

what is a low level language and what are two examples

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77
Q

give an overview of what happens during the fetch

A
  1. the memory address of the next instruction held in the program counter is read and the instruction is then loaded into the instruction register
78
Q

explain what threading is

A

this is the act of splitting a task up and distributing it between the cores.

79
Q

this performs binary arithmetic on integers. it can also check for equality of two integers and also check if one integer is larger or smaller than another

A

what does the Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) do

80
Q

what does the Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) do

A

this performs binary arithmetic on integers. it can also check for equality of two integers and also check if one integer is larger or smaller than another

81
Q

what is the job of a compiler

A

This involves taking the source code (a high level language) as input and running it through a translator program to output machine language

82
Q

how would you convert B02F to decimal

A
83
Q

is a place in secondary memory that is used to store the least used data/chunks (called pages) in main memory this makes for better use of main memory especially when main memory is getting full

A

what is the page file/swap file

84
Q

how many bytes does each memory address hold

A

each address holds 1 byte

85
Q

this is the idea of being able to load a larger program from a smaller one

A

what is bootsrapping

86
Q

this is how many bits are being processed per a second

A

what is the bit rate

87
Q

this cycle takes just 1 clock cycle

A

how many clock cycles does the fetch-decode-execute cycle take

88
Q

what is the role of the program counter

A

this holds the memory address of the next instruction and then when told by the control unit it will increment this address by one (this happens after execution but before fetching). if the control unit is told to jump to an address then the value will be held here

89
Q

modern computers use 32-bit or 64-bit sizes of these

A

what word size do modern computers use for there instructions

90
Q
A
91
Q

This involves taking the source code (a high level language) as input and running it through a translator program to output machine language

A

what is the job of a compiler

92
Q

what 2 components is the instruction register made up of

A

this is made up of the

  1. operator
  2. operand
93
Q
  1. this can be found within the processor
  2. its role is to hold a report on the outcome of the last executed instruction
A

where can the status register be found and what is its role

94
Q
  1. the control unit finds out what instruction is being held in the operator part of the instruction register and then sets up the necessary circuits and values for the instruction to take place
A

give an overview of what happens during decode

95
Q

this is measured in bytes using powers of 2

A

what is cache and main memory measured in

96
Q

what happens with every clock cycle

A

within this time frame one instruction will be executed

97
Q

from registers where does the data or instruction go

A

from here the data or instruction is sent to the appropriate unit such as the ALU or FPU to be processed

98
Q

what is a low level language and what are two examples

A

Both machine language and assembly languages are examples of a low level language this is because for each instruction written in the program one instruction is carried out by the processor

99
Q

The disadvantage of this is that any changes made in the source code must be re compiled this means detecting and updating bugs and adding new features can be a time consuming process

A

what are some dissadvantges of compiling

100
Q

this machine code is referred to as object code or object program

A

when a complier has translated (high level language) source code to machine code what is the machine code referred to as

101
Q
A

name from the prefix kilo to tera and give there symbol for Bytes and power

102
Q

how many bytes in a mebibyte (MiB)

A

this contains

220 = 1,048,576 bytes

103
Q

when referring to secondary memory or data transfer speeds what base must be used

A

when referring to these two we use the standard SI units that is base 10

104
Q

this is intermediate memory that lies in between main memory and the registers.

its importance lies in the fact that the processor and registers transfer data at much higher speeds than main memory can handle and so this is needed to act as pool where instructions and data can be stored

A

why is cache needed

105
Q

give 4 features of a multi core processor

A
  1. this will hold two or more processors on a single chip.
  2. each processor can run its own fetch-decode-execute cycle
  3. each processor will most likely have its own L1 cache
  4. in many cases L2 cache and higher will be shared
106
Q

what does ALU stand for and where can it be found

A

this stands for Arithmetic logic unit

107
Q

this is temporary storage space and holds data that are on their way to the ALU or FPU or on their way back to main memory

A

what is the data register used for

108
Q

what base is hexadecimal and what values does it use

A

this is base 16 and uses values from 0 to F

109
Q

what is the bit depth

A

This is how many bits are being used per a sample and is also linked to how many quantisation levels there are

2 bits per sample would give 22 = 4 quantisation levels

110
Q
  1. A prefix is 0X so

0XB02F

  1. A subscript is

B02F16

  1. appended would be

B02F h

A

what 3 ways might you see hexadecimal written as to convey that it is a hexadecimal value

111
Q

what is bytecode and what is its benefit

A

this is an intermediate languge that some high level programming languages use

its benefit is that it can be ported to any platform as long as they have the languages virtual machine installed which understands this language

112
Q
  1. control
  2. address
  3. data
A

name 3 buses

113
Q

within this time frame one instruction will be executed

A

what happens with every clock cycle

114
Q

when referring to the size of cache or main memory what base should be used

A

when refering to the size of these the base 2 sytsem should be used

so

1 Kib = 210 bytes

= 1024 bytes

= (1024 * 8) bits

= 8192 bits

115
Q

what is the data bus for

A

this bus is used to carry the data

116
Q

name from the prefix kilo to tera and give there symbol for Bytes and power

A
117
Q
  1. the memory address of the next instruction held in the program counter is read and the instruction is then loaded into the instruction register
A

give an overview of what happens during the fetch

118
Q
A

what is the formula to find the bit rate (BPS)

119
Q

this is how many samples are being taken per a second

A

what is the sample rate

120
Q

what is 1 clock cycle

A

this is the time between two clock pulses

121
Q

from here the data will be stored inside its relevant register

A

when an instruction or data is retrieved from cache where is it stored

122
Q

from here the data or instruction is sent to the appropriate unit such as the ALU or FPU to be processed

A

from registers where does the data or instruction go

123
Q

what is the bit rate

A

this is how many bits are being processed per a second

124
Q

this can be found inside the ALU and also inside the FPU

A

what 2 places can the accumulator be found

125
Q

when referring to these two we use the standard SI units that is base 10

A

when referring to secondary memory or data transfer speeds what base must be used

126
Q

if this did not exist there would be a bottleneck between the main memory and the registers

basically the processor would be constantly waiting on main memory when transferring and recieving data

A

what problem would occur if there were no cache

127
Q

this is an intermediate languge that some high level programming languages use

its benefit is that it can be ported to any platform as long as they have the languages virtual machine installed which understands this language

A

what is bytecode and what is its benefit

128
Q

what does secondary memory refer to

A

this refers to persistent storage such as HDDs or SSDs

129
Q

what type of information might the bits held in the status reister tell you

A

the bits that are held by this might tell you that the outcome of the last operation

  1. the integer was negative/positive
  2. was to large or too small to hold in the accumulator
130
Q

what does RISC stand for

A

this stands for

Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)

131
Q

with this if a block of code is used frequently then it is compiled to machine code by the virtual machine and stored in cache. This eliminates the need for any further interpretation on the given block of code

A

explain what Just in time (JIT) compilation is

132
Q

allows processes to be carried out in parallel (that is at the same time)

This allows a processor to finish tasks quicker and with more efficiency. Risc has the advantage here as each instruction predictably takes one clock cycle where as with cisc some processes take one clock cycle while others take more the downside of this is that waiting occurs on the process that takes longest

A

what is pipelining and which instruction set can utilize this technique best

133
Q

this in general is used to hold software that can do simple hardware checks when the computer is switched on and also hold a bootstrap program

A

what is read only memory (ROM) generally used for

134
Q

this is a type of instruction set where more complex operations are hardwired in. These instructions are usually variable in size as multiple locations in memory may be needed to carry out the instruction. These instructions generally take longer than one clock cycle aswell because of the nature of the complex operation

A

explain what Complex instruction set computing (CISC) is

135
Q

the reason these give of less heat is because more heat is generated when a processor has to constantly switch between tasks. when a processsor can focus on one task it in turn will dissipate lesss heat

A

multi core processors give of less heat. why is this

136
Q

what is the number of pulses the processor clock gives out usually measured in

A

The number of pulses per second is usually measured in GHz.

137
Q

what are two advantages of bytecode

A
  1. Once the object code (bytecode) has been compiled it can be ran on any machine
  2. Programs ran in the virtual machine can be considered safer since the virtual machine can be programmed to do things such as only using trusted files
138
Q

this bus is used to carry the data

A

what is the data bus for

139
Q

what is bootsrapping

A

this is the idea of being able to load a larger program from a smaller one

140
Q

this is made up of the

  1. operator
  2. operand
A

what 2 components is the instruction register made up of

141
Q

this uses a translation program called an assembler

A

when a program is written in assembly language what is the name of the transalation program that translates it to machine language

142
Q

what is the processor clock used for

A

this sends out a number of pulses per second. The pulse is used to keep all components in sync and working together.

143
Q

what is a high level programming language

A

in general is a program written in a language where each instruction may be translated to one or more instructions in machine language

144
Q

this refers to persistent storage such as HDDs or SSDs

A

what does secondary memory refer to

145
Q
A

how would you convert B02F to decimal

146
Q

convert

1111 0001

to hexadecimal

A

convert

F1

to binary

147
Q

when refering to the size of these the base 2 sytsem should be used

so

1 Kib = 210 bytes

= 1024 bytes

= (1024 * 8) bits

= 8192 bits

A

when referring to the size of cache or main memory what base should be used

148
Q

what 4 ways is cache made more efficient

A

this makes itslef more effiecient by

  1. predicting what instructions will need to be processed next
  2. using instructions that directly make this more efficient
  3. having a good management system for this
  4. loading large sequence of instructions into itself where possible
149
Q
  1. this has the job of storing numbers that are about to be used in an arithmetic operation.
  2. it also has the job of storing the output value of the operation just performed which can then be held for the next operation or sent back to main memory
A

what are the 2 jobs of the accumulator

150
Q

name 3 buses

A
  1. control
  2. address
  3. data
151
Q

what problem would occur if there were no cache

A

if this did not exist there would be a bottleneck between the main memory and the registers

basically the processor would be constantly waiting on main memory when transferring and recieving data

152
Q

this carries control signals between the components of the processor and main memory

A

what is the control bus for

153
Q

what does CISC stand for

A

this stands for

Complex instruction set computing (CISC)

154
Q

when a complier has translated (high level language) source code to machine code what is the machine code referred to as

A

this machine code is referred to as object code or object program

155
Q

what are 3 dissadvantages of bytecode

A
  1. Each platform(OS/processor) will use a different virtual machine to interpret the bytecode
  2. Programs running in the virtual machine will be executed more slowly
  3. Since the bytcode is generic it is not optimized for any specific platform
156
Q

what is cache and main memory measured in

A

this is measured in bytes using powers of 2

157
Q

what is the base unit for the sample rate

A

The base unit for the sample rate is Hz

1Hz = 1 sample per second

(remeber Hz is the frequency per a second)

158
Q

this is a type of instruction set that is made up of fundamental instructions and then relys on software for more complex operations. Each instruction is fundamental enough to be carried out in one clock cycle. The number of bits per instruction can be fixed aswell as only one memory loaction will ever be used

A

explain what Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) is

159
Q

what word size do modern computers use for there instructions

A

modern computers use 32-bit or 64-bit sizes of these

160
Q

what is read only memory (ROM) generally used for

A

this in general is used to hold software that can do simple hardware checks when the computer is switched on and also hold a bootstrap program

161
Q

explain what Complex instruction set computing (CISC) is

A

this is a type of instruction set where more complex operations are hardwired in. These instructions are usually variable in size as multiple locations in memory may be needed to carry out the instruction. These instructions generally take longer than one clock cycle aswell because of the nature of the complex operation

162
Q

what are 5 advantages of assembly language over machine language

A
  1. More human readable instructions with the use of (mnemonic names) such as MOV for move
  2. Memory addresses can be given symbolic names
  3. Can use decimal numbers and characters instead of just binary
  4. Comments may be added which are later ignored by the assembler
  5. Assemblers can do simple error checking before the program is ran
163
Q

what 3 ways might you see hexadecimal written as to convey that it is a hexadecimal value

A
  1. A prefix is 0X so

0XB02F

  1. A subscript is

B02F16

  1. appended would be

B02F h

164
Q

what value does the program counter hold

A

this holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched

165
Q

what does FPU stand for and where can it be found

A

this stands for Floating-point unit

166
Q
  1. Each platform(OS/processor) will use a different virtual machine to interpret the bytecode
  2. Programs running in the virtual machine will be executed more slowly
  3. Since the bytcode is generic it is not optimized for any specific platform
A

what are 3 dissadvantages of bytecode

167
Q

the output data is carried back on the same journey in revese order

  1. registers
  2. cache
  3. main memory
A

once an instruction has been executed and output data produced what are the 3 steps the data then takes

168
Q

each address holds 1 byte

A

how many bytes does each memory address hold

169
Q

this handles binary arithmetic on floating point numbers. it can also check the equality of two floating point numbers and check if one is larger or smaller than another

A

what does the Floating-point unit (FPU) do

170
Q

what does the Floating-point unit (FPU) do

A

this handles binary arithmetic on floating point numbers. it can also check the equality of two floating point numbers and check if one is larger or smaller than another

171
Q
A
172
Q

how does the processor distinguish between instructions and data since both are written in binary

A

it distinguishes between these because of the way everything is organised

the OS will store instructions in a sequential fashion and then set the program counter to the first address of the instructions this way instructions and data can be kept seperated

173
Q

what is an assembler

A

takes a program written in assembly language and converts it into an equivalent program in machine language. The program can then be loaded into memory and executed

174
Q

how many clock cycles does the fetch-decode-execute cycle take

A

this cycle takes just 1 clock cycle

175
Q

name four layers of cache and there features

A
  1. L1 - the fastest level but can hold a very small amount of bits
  2. L2 - slower than L1 but can hold more bits
  3. L3 slower than L2 but can hold more bits
  4. L4 slower than L3 but can hold more bits
176
Q

this contains

230 bytes

A

how many bytes in a gibibyte (GiB)

177
Q

this contains

240 bytes

A

how many bytes in a tebibyte (TiB)

178
Q

what 2 places can the accumulator be found

A

this can be found inside the ALU and also inside the FPU

179
Q

this stands for

Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)

A

what does RISC stand for

180
Q

how many bytes in 1 kibibyte (Kib)

A

this contains

210 = 1024 bytes

181
Q

what is the page file/swap file

A

is a place in secondary memory that is used to store the least used data/chunks (called pages) in main memory this makes for better use of main memory especially when main memory is getting full

182
Q

when an instruction is retrieved from ram where is it stored

A

from here the instruction or data will be stored in cache

183
Q

what are some dissadvantges of compiling

A

The disadvantage of this is that any changes made in the source code must be re compiled this means detecting and updating bugs and adding new features can be a time consuming process

184
Q

this is wiring that connects all components inside the processor as well as components outside the processor such as main memory and other components on the motherboard

A

what is a bus

185
Q

when an instruction or data is retrieved from cache where is it stored

A

from here the data will be stored inside its relevant register

186
Q

this carries the address of the memory locations to be accessed (when an address is put on this bus that address becomes accessible for read and writes)

A

what is the address bus for

187
Q

how many bytes in a gibibyte (GiB)

A

this contains

230 bytes

188
Q

this part holds any data that must be used with the instruction

such data could include

  1. a constant value
  2. a memory address holding a value
A

explain the operand part of the instruction register

189
Q

The base unit for the sample rate is Hz

1Hz = 1 sample per second

(remeber Hz is the frequency per a second)

A

what is the base unit for the sample rate

190
Q

this contains

210 = 1024 bytes

A

how many bytes in 1 kibibyte (Kib)

TM112: Block 1 (4 decks)

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