Part 3

Question 1

Define aggression?

Answer 1

Physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt someone.

Can be social or physical.

Question 2

Define social aggression?

Answer 2

Bullying, harmful gossiping, hurtful exclusion.

Question 3

Define physical aggression?

Answer 3

Hurting someone’s body.

Question 4

Define Hostel Aggression?

Answer 4

Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself.

E.g. most murders

Question 5

Define Instrumental aggression?

Answer 5

Aggression that is a means to some end. In other words aggression that is used as a tool.

E.g. most wars or acts of terrorism

Question 6

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Answer 6

People are naturally aggressive and laws are needed to restrain them.

Question 7

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Answer 7

Society responsibility for acts of evil.

Question 8

What are the two theories highlighting aggression as a biological phenomenon?

Answer 8

• Instinct Theory

- Evolutionary Psychology/Theory

Question 9

What is Instinct Theory and who invented it?

Answer 9

Aggression is an innate biological drive that is in the same category as the drives that are related to sex or hunger. They are instinctual and automatic. We are born with these drives and must adapt means to control them.

— Sigmund Freud

Question 10

What is Evolutionary Psychology/Theory?

Answer 10

Aggression serves an important function in terms of both individual survival and reproductive potential.

Competition arises when resources are limited and animals must compete in order to survive and reproduce.

Question 11

List all 5 major biological influences regarding aggression:

Answer 11

1. Instinct Theory and evolutionary psychology
2. Genetic influences
3. Endocrinological influences
4. Neurological imbalances
5. Other biological influences: alcohol, brain damage, poor diet, biology and behaviour impact.

Question 12

Expand on genetic influences on aggression.

Answer 12

MAO variant(s)

GxE interaction
— which shows there is a strong environmental impact on aggression

Best way to test is twin studies: if 1 is aggressive, the other should be too. Of course the twins could have the same genes but different environments.

Question 13

What percent of aggresitivity can be traced as genetic?

Answer 13

~50%

Question 14

Give an example of endocrinological influences on aggression.

Answer 14

Hormones e.g. Increased testosterone

Question 15

Give an example of how Neurological imbalance impact aggression.

Answer 15

Neurological imbalance refers to chemicals in the brain. E.g. low serotonin

Question 16

What are other biological influences that impact aggression?

Answer 16

• Alcohol
• Brain damage e.g. damage to prefrontal love mainly causes an increase in aggression., another ex is Alzheimer’s
• Poor diet
• Biology and behaviour interaction

Question 17

What are the 3 individual personality differences?

Answer 17

1. Temperament differences
2. Antisocial personality
3. Cognitive processing differences

Question 18

What is the main idea behind temperament differences?

Answer 18

Frustration tolerance.

Volpe (or however you spell it) said kids come with temperament, and can later be influenced by environment.

Question 19

What’s the difference between someone with antisocial behaviour and someone with antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 19

Everyone can be antisocial but people with the disorder are “a$$holes”.

Question 20

What is Antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 20

Disregard for the rights of others as well as impulsive, irresponsible and aggressive behaviour.

Behaviour opposed to norms/expectations of society. -> causing distress to others.

“You know the rules but you break them anyways” I.e.: parking in handicap, littering.

Question 21

What is Cognitive Information-processing theory?

Answer 21

Behaviour is result of complex thought process of 3 steps.

Question 22

What are the 3 steps of cognitive information-processing theory?

Answer 22

1. Encode/interpret situation
2. Search for best response
3. Act on decision

Question 23

Give an example of the ‘encode/interpret situation’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

Answer 23

Guy bumps into you at bar.

You can interpret it disrespect “wtf is your problem”, or dismiss it “all g”.

Question 24

Give an example of the ‘search for best response’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

Answer 24

Determined by your interpretation.

Guy bumps into you at the bar and your interpretation was disrespect. So now you wanna punch the guy to show you’re dominance.

Question 25

Give an example of the ‘act on decision’ step in the cognitive information-processing theory.

Answer 25

Since you were bumped into at the bar. - If you interpreted disrespect and want to punch the guy, you now punch the guy. - if you interpreted nothing on interest, you respond by doing nothing maybe just clearing some space to let them pass more easily.

Question 26

What are the two ways aggression can be learned as social behaviour?

Answer 26

1. The rewards of aggression Eg. Women prefer aggressive men over less aggressive men (even today). 2. Observational learning e.g. Social learning theory The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and/or by being rewarded and punished. E.g. the “bobo” doll experiment

Question 27

In Canada in 2011/12, males made up:

Answer 27

``` 98% accused sexual assaults 91% of weapon offences 89% accused of homicide 81% defendants in adult criminal court 85% admissions to adult correctional services ```

Question 28

What % of all homicide victims are men?

Answer 28

“Men on men” 70%

Question 29

Heimer and De Coster (1999)

Answer 29

Violent delinquency is a function of social learning. Men: aggressive, risk taking, physical strength emphasized Women: nurturing, sexual virtue, female beauty, “ethic of care” Families more stringently monitor young girls.

Question 30

List the 4 factors of gender role socialization:

Answer 30

1. Gender within the family 2. Gender within peer groups 3. Gender within schools 4. Gender and the media

Question 31

Give example of gender within the family:

Answer 31

Pink world vs blue world Parental behaviours differ towards boys/girls.

Question 32

Give example of gender within peer groups:

Answer 32

Boys favour rule based games with winners and losers Girls engage in less competitive games e.g. hopscotch, jump rope

Question 33

Give example of gender within schools:

Answer 33

Gender within children’s literature.

Question 34

Example of gender and the media:

Answer 34

Men centre stage as fearless, skilled and smart in movies.

Question 35

Frustration-aggression theory:

Answer 35

Theory that frustration (the blocking of a goal-directed behaviour) triggers a readiness to aggress. Old theory.

Question 36

Displacement:

Answer 36

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of frustration. Generally, safer and more socially acceptable target. Ex. Punching a pillow

Question 37

What change was made to the frustration-aggression theory?

Answer 37

Frustration produces anger. A role played by aggressive cues is what makes that transition possible.

Question 38

Bernhardt’s integrated model of aggression

Answer 38

- Where testosterone is high - Seeking status/domination - Frustration - Negative mood - Where serotonin is low: increased neg mood state - negative moods -> increase likelihood of interpreting situations as aversive - increase aggression

Question 39

Zilman: excitation transfer theory

Answer 39

Intensity of anger experience is function of the strength of the physiological arousal. E.g. frustrating experience after riding bike for 2 hours

Question 40

Which 3 aversive incidents lead to aggression?

Answer 40

Pain, heat, attacks

Question 41

When is a cue most triggering for aggression?

Answer 41

Shortly after the initial encounter.

Question 42

List 4 media effects on thinking:

Answer 42

- desensitization (don’t respond) - social scripts (TV taught you bar behaviour not your teacher) - altered perceptions (public thinks crime increased) - cognitive priming (seeing something on Tv then experiencing similar situations in real life)