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Z) history: first world war > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Russia leaving war
    • defeats
    • effects of war
A
  • shortage of military equipment and poor leadership meant major defeats
  • tsar was a bad leader but led army and left country in hands of his wife and rasputin (untrusted)
  • workers went to fught so food and fuel shortages
  • economic problems
  • riots and strikes in 1917, soldiers deserted, councils set up
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2
Q
  1. Russia leaving war

- march revolution

A
  • when tsar returned it was too late and no soldiers were loyal, he abdicated on 15 march and his family were imprisoned and temp govt replaced, new govt made attack but had heavy defeat
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3
Q
  1. Russia leaving war

november revolution

A

ger tried to sneak vladamir lenin to russia to start revolution so govt would be destabilised. nov 1917 lenin and supporters (bolsheviks) staged revolution and set up new govt and made peace

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4
Q
  1. Russia leaving war

- treaty

A 
brest- lovitsk 
26% population and railway
27% farmlands
74% coal and iron
march 1918 signed harsh treaty
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5
Q
  1. Russia leaving war
    - german advantage
    - usa
A

no longer fighting on two fronts, could move to west and eased shortages

meant war was now autocrat vs democrat

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6
Q
  1. USA enters war
    - woodrow wilson
    - trade
A
  • wilson wasnt neutral, favoured allies (brit lang connection)
  • sold food, weapons, goods to allies, lent 2 mil to allies
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7
Q
  1. USA enters the war
    - u boats
    - lusitania
    - telegram
A
  • american goods transport ships were being targeted and sunk creating a growing hatred
  • sunk may 1915, killed 1000 (128 americans) tensions grew. americans demanded war (wilson refused)
  • to distract US after reinstated unrestricted sub warfare, ger said they would support mexico if invaded america, final straw
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8
Q
  1. USA enters the war
    - war declared
    - impact for allies
    - impact for germans
A
  • april 1917
  • large boost morale, balanced loss of russians, many resources
  • decreased morality, had to quickly attack before americans joined
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9
Q

advances at sea

  • u boats
  • hydrophones
  • aircraft carrier
  • HMS argus
A
  • ways made to combat u boats with mine fields and q ships were made and convoy system
  • 1918 could listen for submarines
  • carried arroplanes with floats
  • october 1918 worlds firstaircraft carrier
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10
Q

tank advances

  • somme
  • cambrai
  • amiens
  • germans
A
  • first ever tank used 1916 but broke down lots and were slow
  • 1917 400 tanks crossed no mans land crushed german machine guns gained 8km land (few deaths
  • august 1918, 600 tanks BR and FR advanced 32km but on 5th day only 50 tanks worked
  • made guns that could break through tanks and dug wide trenches couldnt cross
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11
Q

Improvements to artillery

  • shells
  • barrage
  • guns
  • artillery
  • mines
A
  • able to destroy barbed wire
  • atrillery attack as defence curtain for troops to follow behind
  • could now shoot enemy planes
  • bigger and more accurate
  • used more, tunnels built under enemy trenches to place explosives and blow them up
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12
Q

Air warfare improvements

  • plane improvements
  • tactics
  • communication
A
  • became more manoueverable and had larger fuel tanks and bomb storing space Anthony Fokker developed mechanism to allow machine guns to shoot through proppelors
  • 1917 aeroplanes used to get high groynd, also slowed down enemy attacks
  • 1917 could use radio to communicate
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13
Q

Attacking tactics improvements

  • standard methods
  • later stages
  • modifications
A
  • initial idea was to bomard with shells rthen rush to attack
  • new idea from french was to use speciall trained elite soldeirs with light machine guns, grenades and flame throwers to destroy machine guns shortly after main attack. (Germand intercepted booklet)
  • soldiers advance as fast as possible (may deaths)
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14
Q
  1. Ludendorffs spring offensive
    Reasons:
    - russia left
    - US
A
  • no longer fighting on two fronts so all soldiers sent west

- decided to gamble ttack before americans arrived

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15
Q 
2. Ludendorffs spring offensive
Plan:
- main attack
- beginning
- other attacks
- Kaiserschlacht
A
  • attack near arras where BR recently taken part of front line from FR. trenches bad
  • intense 5h artillery bomardment (1 million shells) use storm troopers to create panic
  •  3 other attacks to allow large forces to break through and surround British forcing surrender forcing fr to surreneder as cant fight without british
  • (emperors battle) started on 1st spring 1918
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16
Q 
3. Ludendorffs Spring offensive
 Beginning:
 - start
- reactions
- result
A
  • 21st march artillery bombardment at 4:40 am, 1 million shells fired in 5 hours over 150 miles2 heaviest bombardment of war, mustard gas released and storm troopers
  • brit outnumbered and confused , 1000s fled and surrendered
    BR: 20,000 dead, 35,000 wounded, 21,000 prisoners
  • biggest breakthrough on western front for years, stalemate broken
17
Q
  1. Ludendorffs Spring offensive
    - control gained and distance covered
    Problems:
    - troops
    - stormtrooper
    - Foch
A
  • 60km pushed forward, gained river somme and reached river Marne
  • march- april lost 220,000 men and were running out
  • had advanced too deep to french territory and running out of supplies also slowed down advance as were looting villages
  • BR and FR begand to fight back as US arrived, BR and FR put under control of Foch in confusion so they were now unified
18
Q
  1. Ludendorffs Spring offensive
    - salient
    - USA
    - 15th July
    - Fochs order
    - German results
A
  • GER advances meant bulge in front line so could be attacked from sides which Foch did
  • June 1918 US arriving at 50,000 per week
  • Ludendorff ordered final attack which was disatser and ran out of supplies after 2 miles
  • fresh troops to counter attack and pushed GER to Marne
  • cost GER 0.5 mil troops and allies could now launch huge attack
19
Q
  1. The Hundred Days
    - situation in august 1918
    - Fochs approach
    - plan
A
  • GER close to defeat, 8th august final decisive series of attacks on germans on western front
  • new unified commander for allies, americans brought new supplies and equipment, decided to do series of attacks so more GER troops worn down
  • BR, FR, BEL, attack northern front lines and FR, US attack multiple places on easter parts of western front
20
Q

The Hundred Days

  • 8th august
  • second battle of somme
  • battles of Hindenburg line
  • Ypres
  • early october
A
  • attack at amiens (BR, AUS, CAN, FR) broke through GER lines and took 11km
    - then 8km next week as GER retreated, allies lost 6,000, GER 30,000, and 17,000 taken prisoner, Ludendorff called ‘black day of german army’
  • AUS and FR captured city of albert, FR captured Noyan, BR captured Bapaume
  • GER pushed to trenchesbuil in 1917 (Hindenburg line) , in sept FR and US attacked on defensive line ( Meuse-Argonne Offensive)
    • largest battle US ever done (1.2 mil troops) and deadliest (26,000 lives)
  • BR, FR and BEL attacked near belgium city Ypres
  • as germans forced to retreat they cut trees, poisoned wells and burned bridges so they couldn be used, but also left euipment in panic, sign that theyd lost war
21
Q 
The Hundred Days 
 Successes: 
-allied tactics
- american soldiers
- german army state
A
  • multiple attacks put pressure on German lines
  • boosted morale had more people and supplies to fight with
  • forced into retreat, many killed/prisoners supllies taken. Morale dropped
22
Q

Impact of war

  • home fronts
  • food shortages
  • destruction
  • anger
A
  • women now had to work in factories, govt took over certain industries to make sure enough was produced
  • BR and GER used naval bloclades to starve eachother, meatless days were made compulasary and caps on prices as they increased, GER winter 1916-17 called turnip winter after bad harvest, rationing introduced
  • many people left homeless (2 million in FR) area size of wales destroyed in FR
  • revolutions fuelled by anger destroing govt systems
23
Q

The end of the war

  • Sept 1918
  • 28 october
  • 3 november
  • 9 november
A
  • ger close to collapse as no supplies to country with naval blockade and a flu epidemic sweeping country
  • when GER ships ordered to sea they refused and news of mutiny spread, workers and soldiers joined
  • 6 days workers and soldiers councils governed towns (inc Berlin) kaiser had lost control
  • kaiser abdicated to holland
24
Q

The end of the war

- Friedrich Ebert

A
  • leader of SDP tooks kaisers place and promised to hold elections whilst ending war
25
Q

The armistice

  • Ebert
  • key terms
A
  • sent group to FR to negotiate armistice led by Erzberger but BR, FR, US wouldnt negotiate. Foch met the germans in north france in a railway carriage and instructed them to agree
  • all fighting end in 6 hours
  • all land occupied evacuated in 15 days (belgium, luxembourg and france)
  • allies could occupy land in GER to west of river rhine up to 30km
  • german troops withdraw from AH, romania and turkey
  • must give 10 battleships, 6 battle cruisers, 8 cruisers and submarines, largest weapons and railway train carriages and trucks
  • naval blockade would continue
    Must pay for all damage caused
26
Q

The armistice

  • reactions
  • when
A
  • one of the men started to cry, but erzberger was told to sign whatever as ger was so chaotic
  • Signed on 11 november
27
Q

1 Why was germany defeated

A
  • naval blockade (short of fuel for explosions, lack of fertilisers, food, decreased support)
  • usa entry (ger supplies weakening, allies supplies increased)
  • failure of spring offensive
  • russian revolution (inspired revolutions led to kaiser abdication)
  • tank developments ( ger only produced 20, allies 1000 used alot and in final battle helped win)
  • german allies bulgaria, turkey and AH all droped out between 29 sept and 3 november
28
Q

Why was germany defeated

  • revolution
  • Allied leaders
A
  • german revolution, after failure of spring offensive, flu, food shortages, coucnils set up
  • foch and haig, led allies through most battles, some argues wreckless but they won the war

Z) history: first world war (3 decks)

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