Part 2: Transmission of Disease

Question 1

State different methods of transmission. (7)

Answer 1

1. Airborne droplets (e.g., by coughing)
2. Contaminated food
3. Insect or animal vectors
4. Cuts or blood
5. Direct contact
6. Contaminated water
7. Sexual intercourse

Question 2

How can transmission of diseases by airborne droplets be prevented? (3)

Answer 2

1. Ventilate
2. Use a tissue or hankerchief
3. Wear a mask

Question 3

State examples of health issues caused by airborne droplets. (3)

Answer 3

1. Common cold
2. Tuberculosis
3. COVID-19

Question 4

How can transmission of diseases my contaminated food be prevented? (2)

Answer 4

1. Cook food wholly
2. Prepare raw meat separately

Question 5

State examples of health issues caused by contaminated food. (2)

Answer 5

1. Salmonella
2. E. Coli
   (Both are types of food poisoning)

Question 6

How can transmission of diseases by insect or animal vectors be prevented? (3)

Answer 6

1. Avoid them
2. Sleep under mosquito nets.
3. Kill them

Question 7

State examples of health issues caused by insect or animal vectors. (2)

Answer 7

1. Malaria
2. Plague

Question 8

How can transmission of diseases by cuts or blood be prevented? (2)

Answer 8

1. Clean the cuts
2. Use clean syringes

Question 9

Give an example of a health issue caused by cuts or blood.

Answer 9

HIV

Question 10

How can transmission of diseases by direct contact be prevented? (2)

Answer 10

1. Wash hands
2. Wear gloves

Question 11

Give an example of a health issue caused by direct contact.

Answer 11

Athlete’s foot

Question 12

How can transmission of diseases by contaminated water be prevented? (2)

Answer 12

1. Boil water before drinking
2. Treat sewage

Question 13

Give examples of diseases caused by contaminated water. (2)

Answer 13

1. Cholera
2. Typhoid

Question 14

How can transmission of diseases by sexual intercourse be prevented? (2)

Answer 14

1. Use protection (e.g., a condom)
2. Don’t have sex

Question 15

Give examples of health issues caused by sexual intercourse. (2)

Answer 15

1. Chlamydia
2. Thrush

Question 16

List ways disease can be spread in plants. (7)

Answer 16

1. Water (spores in surface water or raindrop splashes)
2. Via soil
3. Wind
4. Farming practices (machinery and storage)
5. Direct contact
6. Animals (feeding birds and insects)
7. Humans (hands and clothing)

Question 17

What microorganism causes measles, HIV and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

Answer 17

A virus

Question 18

What are the symptoms of measles? (4)

Answer 18

1. Runny nose
2. Sneezing
3. Sore, red eyes that are sensitive to light
4. Fever (body temperature around 40°C)

Question 19

How is measles transmitted?

Answer 19

By airborne droplets

Question 20

What are the symptoms of HIV? (6)

Answer 20

1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Muscle joints and joint pain
4. Rashes
5. Weight loss
6. Sore throat and painful mouth sores.

Question 21

What is a symptom of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

Answer 21

‘Mosaic’ pattern of discolouration

Question 22

How is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) transmitted?

Answer 22

By direct contact with an infected plant

Question 23

What microorganism causes salmonella and gonorrhea?

Answer 23

Bacteria

Question 24

What are the symptoms of salmonella? (5)

Answer 24

1. Diarrhoea
2. Fever
3. Abdominal cramps
4. Chills
5. Headache

Question 25

How is salmonella transmitted?

Answer 25

By contaminated food

Question 26

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea? (2)

Answer 26

1. Discharge from the penis or vagina 2. Pain on urination

Question 27

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

Answer 27

By sexual intercourse

Question 28

What microorganism causes Rose Black Spot?

Answer 28

Fungi

Question 29

What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot? (2)

Answer 29

1. Black ir purple spots on the leaves 2. Yellowing leaves

Question 30

How is Rose Black Spot transmitted?

Answer 30

By wind

Question 31

What microorganism causes malaria?

Answer 31

**Parasitic** protists

Question 32

What are the symptoms of malaria? (7)

Answer 32

1. High body temperature, sweating, chills 2. Headaches 3. Muscle pains 4. Loss of appetite 5. Sore throat 6. Cough 7. Difficulty breathing

Question 33

How is malaria transmitted?

Answer 33

By insect vectors

Question 34

How can measles be treated? (3)

Answer 34

1. **Drinking lots of water** 2. **Taking ibuprofen or paracetamol** to relieve fever, aches and pains 3. **Closing windows** to help reduce light sensitivity

Question 35

How can HIV be treated? (2)

Answer 35

1. Antiretroviral medicines 2. These work by stopping the virus replicating in the body

Question 36

How is tobacco mosaic virus treated?

Answer 36

Spread is prevented by **good field hygiene** and **pest control**

Question 37

How is salmonella treated? (2)

Answer 37

1. Generally individuals with salmonella do not require treatment 2. They usually only need to drink plenty of water or other clear fluids

Question 38

How is gonorrhoea treated?

Answer 38

Treatment involves **using antibiotics**, though many strains are now resistant.

Question 39

How is Rose Black Spot treated?

Answer 39

Spread is controlled by **removing affected leaves and chemical sprays**, but this is not very effective.

Question 40

How is malaria treated? (3)

Answer 40

1. **Using insecticides** to kill mosquitoes. 2. **Using insectide-impregnated insect nets** to prevent mosquitoes humans and passing on the protists. 3. **Preventing the vectors from breeding** by **removing standing water** and **spraying water with insecticides** to kill the larvae.

Question 41

What are the symptoms of HIV? (6)

Answer 41

1. Fever 2. Headache 3. Muscle aches and joint pain 4. Rash 5. Weight loss 6. Sore throat and painful mouth sores

Question 42

How is HIV transmitted?

Answer 42

By cuts or blood

Question 43

What is a symptom of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

Answer 43

'Mosaic' pattern of discolouration