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Computer Science 334 > Part 2 - How the Web works > Flashcards

Part 2 - How the Web works Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four layers in internet protocol

A
  1. Application Layer
  2. Transport Layer
  3. Internet Layer
  4. Link Layer
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2
Q

Describe the function of the link layer

A
  • Physical transmission of data across media

- Establish logical links

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3
Q

Describe the function of the internet layer

A

Provides “best effort” communication

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4
Q

How many bits are in an IPv4 address?

A

32

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5
Q

How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

A

128

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6
Q

Describe the function of the transport (TCP) layer

A

Ensures transmissions arrive in order and without error

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7
Q

What is the function of HTTP in the application layer?

A

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. Web communication

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8
Q

What is the function of SSH in the application layer?

A

Secure Shell Protocol. Remote command-line connections to servers

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9
Q

What is the function of FTP in the application layer?

A

File Transfer Protocol. File transfer between computers

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10
Q

What is the function of POP/IMAP/SMTP in the application layer?

A

Email protocols for transferring and storing emails

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11
Q

What is the function of DNS in the application layer?

A

Domain Name System. Resolves domain names to IP addresses

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12
Q

Explain domain name address resolution if the browser has not cached the IP

A
  1. URL passed to OS’s DNS resolver
  2. Resolver makes request to ISP’s DNS server
  3. The primary DNS server checks its DNS cache
  4. Primary DNS server (if IP is not cached) requests IP from root name server
  5. Root name server returns IP of name server for requested TLD
  6. The primary DNS can now request the IP of the name server for requested website from TLD name servers
  7. Name server returns IP of the DNS server for requested site
  8. Primary DNS server requests IP of requested site from the site’s DNS server
  9. IP address of requested site returned to Primary DNS server
  10. IP address of requested site returned to computer
  11. Browser requests page from IP
  12. Browser displays website
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13
Q

What is a URL?

A

Uniform Resource Locator

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14
Q

Name, in order, the parts of a URL, starting with something like http://

A
  • Protocol
  • Domain
  • Path
  • Query string
  • Fragment
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15
Q

What is the function of the domain in a URL?

A

Name of the server that resources are requested from

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16
Q

If the domain is not know, what can be used in a URL to request data from a specific server?

A

IP address

17
Q

How can a port number be specified in the domain?

A

Adding a colon after the domain, and specifying a port number

18
Q

What is the function of a fragment in a URL?

A

It is a way of requesting a specific part of a page, for example an article

19
Q

How can you identify the start of the query string in a URL?

A

Look for the question mark ?

20
Q

In the following query string, identify the delimiters, keys, and values: ?username=john&password=abcdefg

A

Delimiters: ? &
Keys: username, password
Data: john, abcdefg

21
Q

What is the difference between request and response headers in HTTP?

A
  • Request headers include data about the client machine
  • Response headers have information about the server
    answering the request and the data being sent
22
Q

Name and shortly explain two request methods in HTTP

A

POST - post info to the server (optional): request resources based on that information
GET - request resources from the server (hyperlinks)

23
Q

Broadly, what do the response codes starting with 2,3,4 & 5 mean?

A
  • 2## codes are for successful responses,
  • 3## are for redirection-related responses,
  • 4## codes are client errors,
  • 5## codes are server errors.
24
Q

Can a web browser display a styled website containing 2 images with a single request?

A

No. Each resource needs to be requested individually. The browser can only display the page once all resources have arrived

25
Q

Shortly explain browser caching

A

A web browser will cache resources in order to render frequently visited websites faster. The browser checks that every single cached resource is fresh when completing a request. If not fresh, the browser will request that resource again

26
Q

What is a web server?

A

A computer that responds to HTTP requests

27
Q

Name the four components of an application stack on a web server

A
  • Operating system
  • Web server software
  • Database
  • Scripting language for dynamic requests
28
Q

What forms the LAMP software (application) stack?

A
  • Linux operating system
  • Apache web server
  • MySQL database
  • PHP scripting language
29
Q

What is the difference between an AJAX and HTML request?

A

AJAX stands for asynchronous javascript and XML so if you are using javascript to load data after the browser request has finished you are doing AJAX. A simple HTML request is static

30
Q

What is CAPTCHA and why is it used?

A

Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Humans and computers Apart. Used to ensure that automated systems do not alter resources that are only supposed to be altered by users.

31
Q

What is URL encoding?

A

URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet

32
Q

What is character encoding?

A

A character encoding tells the computer how to interpret raw zeroes and ones into real characters.

33
Q

In terms of character encoding, what is a code point?

A

A code point is the atomic unit of information. Each code point is a number which is given meaning by the Unicode standard

34
Q

In terms of character encoding, what is a code unit?

A

A code unit is the unit of storage of a part of an encoded code point. In UTF-8 this means 8-bits, in UTF-16 this means 16-bits. A single code unit may represent a full code point, or part of a code point.

35
Q

In terms of character encoding, what is a grapheme?

A

A grapheme is a sequence of one or more code points that are displayed as a single, graphical unit that a reader recognizes as a single element of the writing system

Computer Science 334 (6 decks)

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