Part 2 - Health Information Management, Concepts, Principles, and Practice

Question 1

alignment

Answer 1

1. the state of being arranged in a line or in proper position
2. the state or condition of agreeing with or matching something else
3. the state of being joined with others in supporting or opposing something

Question 2

Direct Exchange

Answer 2

A simple, secure, scalable, standards-based way for participants to send (push) authenticated, encrypted health information directly to known, trusted recipients over the internet.

Question 3

scalable, scalability

Answer 3

capable of being easily expanded or upgraded on demand

Question 4

text mining

Answer 4

the process of transforming unstructured text into a structured format to identify meaningful patterns and new insights

Question 5

A&D

Answer 5

acronym for admission and discharge

Question 6

cluster sampling

Answer 6

A sampling method where the population is divided into subsets, called clusters, which are then randomly selected, and all units within the randomly selected clusters are included in the sample.

Question 7

Type I error vs Type II error

Answer 7

In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the mistaken rejection of an actually true null hypothesis. For example: “Person A is innocent. Person is then found guilty, but actually WAS innocent.”

A type II error is the mistaken acceptance of an actually false null hypothesis. For example: “Person B is not guilty. Person B is not convicted, but actually WAS guilty.”

Question 8

null hypothesis

Answer 8

The commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis. Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 9

physiological signal processing system

Answer 9

A system that stores data based on the body’s signals (such as heart activity and brain waves) and creates output based on the lines plotted between the signals’ points.

Question 10

RAT-STATS

Answer 10

A statistical package offered by the Office of the Inspector General that is free to download and can be used for both sample size determination and the generation of the random numbers required for sampling.

Question 11

QualityNet

Answer 11

A CMS website that provides information about quality measurement and serves as the basis for communication between CMS, their contractors, and healthcare providers regarding quality data and metrics.

Question 12

pay for performance (P4P)

Answer 12

Payment programs that are based on data-driven metrics to measure both the quality and efficiency of a healthcare provider.

Question 13

vector graphics vs raster graphics

Answer 13

Vector graphics are digital art that is rendered by a computer using a mathematical formula. Vector graphics are also known as scalable vector graphics (SVG). These graphics consist of anchored dots that are connected by lines and curves. Because these graphics are not based on pixels, they are known as resolution independent, which makes them infinitely scalable. Their lines are sharp, without any loss in quality or detail, no matter what their size.
Because they consist of lines and anchor points, the size of the files are relatively small.

Raster graphics are made up of tiny pixels, making them resolution dependent and best used for creating photos. Pixels appear like little squares on graph paper when the image is zoomed in or enlarged. Each image can only contain a fixed number of pixels; the amount of pixels determines the quality of the image. This is known as resolution. More pixels results in better quality at the same or larger sizes of the original, but this also increases the size of the file and the amount of space it takes to store the file. The lower the number of pixels, the lower the resolution.

Resolution limits the size the raster image can be scaled up without being able to see pixels. However, a high resolution image printed at a small size will cause the pixels to “cram” together and will make the image look as unprofessional as not having enough pixels in a large image.

Question 14

Answer 14

Systematic ovals are a graphical technique that displays stacked ovals with the height of the stack corresponding to the maximum of the scale.

Question 15

spatial representation vs symbolic representation

Answer 15

Spatial representation allows information to be viewed at a glance utilizing perceptual processes without needing to address the individual elements of the information separately or analytically. (e.g. pie chart)

Symbolic representation requires analytical processes where information is extracted from specific data values. (e.g. excel table)

Question 16

social determinants of health

Answer 16

Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks.

SDOH can be grouped into 5 domains:

1. Economic stability
2. Education access and quality
3. Health care access and quality
4. Neighborhood and local environment
5. The social context in which they exist in (e.g. black slave in antebellum South)

Question 17

interrater reliability

Answer 17

the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon

Question 18

attributable risk (AR)

Answer 18

Proportion of a disease in exposed individuals that can be attributed to an exposure.

Question 19

relative risk (RR)

Answer 19

A measurement calculated from cohort studies that compares the risk of some disease in two groups differentiated by some demographic variable such as sex or race.

Question 20

odds ratio

Answer 20

the probability that a certain outcome will occur if an individual is exposed to a certain variable or risk factor

Question 21

principal investigator (PI)

Answer 21

the director of a research project that has full ­responsibility for all parts of the research conducted

Question 22

vulnerable subject

Answer 22

a test subject that has limited mental capacity or is unable to freely volunteer (e.g. children, the uneducated, mentally retarded, prisoners)

Question 23

case-control studies

Answer 23

also called retrospective studies
Case-control (retrospective) studies are a major component of epidemiological research.

In them, persons with a certain condition (cases) and persons without the condition (controls) are studied by looking back in time. The objective is to determine the frequency of the risk factor among the cases and the frequency of the risk factor among the controls in order to determine possible causes of the disease. In a case-control study, if there is an association between exposure and disease, the prevalence of history of exposure will be higher in persons with the disease (cases) than in those without it (controls).

Question 24

tacit knowledge

Answer 24

The actions, experiences, ideals, values, and emotions of an individual that tend to be highly personal and difficult to communicate.

Question 25

tacit

Answer 25

1. expressed or carried on without words or speech

2. implied or indicated (as by an act or by silence) but not actually expressed

Question 26

tracer methodology

Answer 26

Part of the new Joint Commission survey processes, a process the Joint Commission surveyors use during the on-site survey to analyze an organization’s systems, with particular attention to identified priority focus areas, by following individual patients through the organization’s healthcare process in the sequence experienced by the patients, and in which an evaluation follows (traces) the hospital experiences of specific patients to assess the quality of patient care

Question 27

What are the XYZ theories of management?

Answer 27

Theory X: Formulated by Douglas McGregor and presumed that workers inherently disliked work and would avoid it, had little ambition, and mostly wanted security; therefore, managerial direction and control were necessary.

Theory Y: Formulated by Douglas McGregor and assumed that work was as natural as play, that motivation could be both internally and externally driven, and that under the right conditions people would seek responsibility and be creative.

Theory Z: Sometimes called Japanese Management, proposed by William Ouchi and is based on the values of long-term employment, employee engagement and participation, and consensual decision-making, with a focus on the broader structure and culture of the organization.

Question 28

change driver

Answer 28

Large-scale forces such as demographic, social, political, economic, technical, and more recently, global and informational factors that require organizations to revise how they operate.

Question 29

change agent

Answer 29

Anyone who has the skill and power to stimulate, facilitate, and coordinate a change effort. Change agents may be either external or internal.

Question 30

Answer 30

The Balanced Scorecard, referred to as the BSC, is a framework to implement and manage strategy. It links a vision to strategic objectives, measures, targets, and initiatives. It balances financial measures with performance measures and objectives related to all other parts of the organization. It is a business performance management tool.

The critical characteristics that define a Balanced Scorecard are:

1. its focus on the strategic agenda of the organization/coalition concerned
2. a focused set of measurements to monitor performance against objectives
3. a mix of financial and non-financial data items (originally divided into four “perspectives” - Financial, Customer, Internal Process, and Learning & Growth)
4. a portfolio of initiatives designed to impact performance of the measures/objectives (this is just for information)

Question 31

85/15 rule

Answer 31

A doctrine of total quality management that proposes that 85 percent of problems encountered are the result of faulty systems and only 15 percent are due to unconscientious or unproductive employees.

Question 32

expectancy theory of motivation

Answer 32

A theory that one’s degree of effort is influenced by the expectation that the effort will result in the attainment of desired goals and meaningful rewards.

Question 33

conscientious

Answer 33

being very careful about doing what you are supposed to do: concerned with doing something correctly

Question 34

Hawthorne effect

Answer 34

Also called the observer effect.
It is based on the principle that what gets attention and measured is what gets improved. It is considered a useful principle to aid in increasing patient satisfaction.

Question 35

laggard

Answer 35

People characterized as the last individuals to respond to innovation and who make up as much as 16 percent of an organization. They are often characterized as isolated, uninformed, and mistrustful of change, but may serve a function by keeping the organization from changing too quickly.

The Merriam-Webster definition is: a person or thing that does not go or move as quickly as others.

Question 36

late majority

Answer 36

The late majority is the 34% of the population that will adopt a new product only after the majority does. The late majority is typically older, less affluent, and less educated than the early segments in the technology adoption lifecycle.

Question 37

dyad

Answer 37

something that consists of two elements or parts

Question 38

management by objectives (MBO)

Answer 38

Management by objectives (MBO), also known as management by planning (MBP), was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.

Management by objectives at its core is the process of employers/supervisors attempting to manage their subordinates by introducing a set of specific goals that both the employee and the company strive to achieve in the near future, and working to meet those goals accordingly.

There are five steps:

1. Review organizational goal
2. Set worker objective
3. Monitor progress
4. Evaluation
5. Give reward

Question 39

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 39

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 40

Vertical Dyad Linkage (VDL) Model

Answer 40

The Vertical Dyad Linkage Model explains the dynamics of the relationships leaders form with each of their group subordinates, or members. It states that two types of relationships develop and it categorizes the relationships into two subgroups.

The in-group is the leader’s inner circle. Its members are entrusted with higher levels of responsibility and a greater degree of influence over the leader’s decision making. The in-group also has better access to resources.

The out-group consists of those who have failed to curry the leader’s favor. They have less influence on the leader’s decisions, less responsibility and less access to resources.

Question 41

derogate, derogation, derogative, derogatory

Answer 41

1. to lessen the importance or value of (something or someone)
2. to act beneath one’s position or character

Question 42

360-degree evaluation

Answer 42

A form of employee evaluation to which managers, peers, and staff contribute.

Question 43

avatar

Answer 43

1. A representation of a user in a multiuser virtual environment.
2. A manifestation of a deity or released soul in bodily form on earth; an incarnate divine teacher.
3. The physical embodiment of an idea or concept; a personification.

Question 44

blended learning

Answer 44

1. A style of education in which students learn via electronic and online media as well as traditional face-to-face teaching.
2. A training method that uses several delivery methods thereby gaining the advantages and reducing the disadvantages of each method alone

Question 45

manifestation

Answer 45

1. a sign that shows something clearly
2. one of the forms that something has when it appears or occurs
3. an occurrence in which the ghost or spirit of a dead person appears

Question 46

learning management system (LMS)

Answer 46

a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, automation, and delivery of educational courses, training programs, or learning and development program

Question 47

Answer 47

A learning curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between how proficient people are at a task and the amount of experience they have.

The concept is that productivity may decrease while a great deal of material is actually being learned, and later, there is little new learning but productivity may increase greatly.

Question 48

m-learning

Answer 48

M-learning or mobile learning is “learning across multiple contexts, through social and content interactions, using personal electronic devices”

Question 49

spaced training

Answer 49

A study technique where students review material over a long period of time. This gives their minds time to form connections between the ideas and concepts so knowledge can be built upon and easily recalled later.

Question 50

programmed learning

Answer 50

an educational technique characterized by self-paced, self-administered instruction presented in logical sequence and with much repetition of concepts

Question 51

Answer 51

DMAIC (an acronym for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control)

It refers to a data-driven improvement cycle used for improving, optimizing and stabilizing business processes and designs. The DMAIC improvement cycle is the core tool used to drive Six Sigma projects.

Define: The purpose of this step is to clearly pronounce the business problem, goal, potential resources, project scope and high-level project timeline.

Measure: The purpose of this step is to measure the specification of problem/goal. This is a data collection step, the purpose of which is to establish process performance baselines. The performance metric baseline(s) from the Measure phase will be compared to the performance metric at the conclusion of the project to determine objectively whether significant improvement has been made.

Analyze: The purpose of this step is to identify, validate and select root cause for elimination. A large number of potential root causes of the project problem are identified via root cause analysis (for example a fishbone diagram). The top 3-4 potential root causes are selected using multi-voting or other consensus tool for further validation. A data collection plan is created and data are collected to establish the relative contribution of each root causes to the project metric. This process is repeated until “valid” root causes can be identified.

Improve: The purpose of this step is to identify, test and implement a solution to the problem, in part or in whole.

Control: The purpose of this step is to embed the changes and ensure sustainability, this is sometimes referred to as making the change ‘stick’.

Question 52

Answer 52

A spaghetti plot (also known as a spaghetti chart, spaghetti diagram, or spaghetti model) is a method of viewing data to visualize possible flows through systems. Flows depicted in this manner appear like noodles, hence the coining of this term.

This method of statistics was first used to track routing through factories. Visualizing flow in this manner can reduce inefficiency within the flow of a system.

In regards to animal populations and weather buoys drifting through the ocean, they are drawn to study distribution and migration patterns. Within meteorology, these diagrams can help determine confidence in a specific weather forecast. Within medicine, they can illustrate the effects of drugs on patients during drug trials.

Question 53

buoy

Answer 53

A floating device that can have many purposes. It can be anchored or allowed to drift with ocean currents.

Question 54

Answer 54

A swim lane diagram is a type of flowchart. Like a flowchart, it diagrams a process from start to finish, but it also divides these steps into categories to help distinguish which departments or employees are responsible for each set of actions.

Question 55

work distribution chart

Answer 55

The work distribution chart is a simple table that displays the tasks being performed in a work group, the employees who perform them, and the amount of time spent on each task by each employee and the work unit as a whole.

Question 56

scope creep

Answer 56

The definition of scope creep is that when a project’s scope changes, the project work starts to extend, or “creep”, beyond what was originally agreed.

Question 57

project scope

Answer 57

A detailed outline of all aspects of a project, including all related activities, resources, timelines, and deliverables, as well as the project’s boundaries. A project scope also outlines key stakeholders, processes, assumptions, and constraints, as well as what the project is about, what is included, and what isn’t. All of this essential information is documented in a scope statement.

Question 58

scope (general definition)

Answer 58

The range of understanding, thought or action.

Question 59

triple constraint

Answer 59

This refers to the three constraints of project completion: the schedule, the budget, and the project scope.

Question 60

waterfall model

Answer 60

a breakdown of project activities into linear sequential phases, where each phase depends on the deliverables of the previous one and corresponds to a specialization of tasks

Question 61

correspond

Answer 61

1. to be in conformity or agreement
2. to compare closely: MATCH—usually used with to or with
3. to be equivalent or parallel
4. to communicate with a person by exchange of letters