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Biomedical Science (Y1a) > Part 2 Ch1 > Flashcards

Part 2 Ch1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are microbiology divided into?

A
  • clinical microbiology
  • applied microbiology (recombinant DNA technology)
  • food microbiology (yeasts)
  • environmental microbiology (microorganisms in the soil)
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2
Q

What is clinical microbiology? What does it relate to? What does causative agents include?

A
  • the study of causative agents of human infectious diseases and their reactions
  • related to pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control of infection (+basic characteristics features)
  • bacteria (bacteriology), virus (virology), fungi (mycology) and parasites (parasitology)
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3
Q

Why is it important to study clinical microbiology?

A
  • to understand how microorganisms interact with individuals and population
  • to understand how microorganisms cause diseases
  • to understand how diseases can be prevented and controlled
  • to understand the role of nurses in control and prevention of infection
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4
Q

What do nursing students need to know about microbiology?

A
  • microbial diseases
  • basic characteristics of microorganisms
  • microbial pathogenesis
  • diagnosis of infectious disease
  • treatment of infection
  • prevention of infection
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5
Q

What does the study of basic characteristics of microorganisms include?

A
  • classification of microorganisms in the human body and the environment
  • characteristics feature of microorganisms (bacteria, virus, protists and fungi)
  • identification of normal microbiota and pathogens
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6
Q

What does the study of microbial pathogenesis and microbial diseases include?

A
  • source of infections (how microorganisms enter a host and cause disease)
  • route of transmission (how infection is transmitted in hospitals, communities and populations)
  • etiology (cause), pathogenesis (development) and epidemiology (frequency and distribution) of infections of different body systems
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7
Q

What does the study of procedures and diagnosis of infectious diseases include?

A
  • collection and transport of specimens
  • identification of pathogens from collected specimens: bacterial culture and biochemical tests
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8
Q

What does the study of treatment and prevention of infections include?

A
  • use of antimicrobial treatments: antibiotics and vaccines
  • importance of aseptic techniques in patient management (sterilisation and disinfection)
  • control the spread of infection in hospitals and communities: hand hygiene and personal protective equipments (PPE)
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9
Q

What are microorganisms? How are they named and should they be written? What can we do after the first use?

A
  • organisms that can only be seen under microscope
  • named by binomial nomenclature: genus name (starts with capital letters) and specific name (small letters)
  • both names should be italicised or underlined
  • scientific names can be abbreviated
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10
Q

How does a light microscope work? What is the total magnification and explain?

A
  • use visible light to resolve objects –> visible light passes directly through the lenses and specimen
  • total magnification = eyepiece magnification x objective magnification
  • in a compound microscope, the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the eyepiece
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11
Q

What size range can be seen by the unaided eye, light, and electron microscope? What is the size range of fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses respectively?

A
  • above 0.2mm (200um); above 200nm (0.2um); under 200nm (0.2um)
  • fungi (above 200um)
  • protozoa (between 20um and 200um)
  • bacteria (between 0.2um and 20um)
  • viruses (between 2nm and 0.2um=200nm)
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12
Q

What are the types of microscopes? Give their characteristics and resolving power respectively.

A
  • light microscope
    => observe the morphology of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae under living (unstained) or non-living (stained) state
    => cannot observe microbes less than 0.2um (200nm)
    => resolving power: 0.2um
  • TEM (transmission electron microscope)
    => examine cellular and viral internal structures
    => gives 2D images only
    => specimen is non-living
    => resolving power: 0.2nm
  • SEM (scanning electron microscope)
    => examine surface features of cells and viruses
    => gives 3D images
    => specimen is non-living
    => resolving power: 20nm
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13
Q

What are the major types of microorganisms? Give a mind-map.

A
  • microbes –> cellular microbes; acellular microbes
  • cellular microbes –> prokaryotes; eukaryotes
  • acellular microbes –> viruses
  • prokaryotes –> bacteria
  • eukaryotes –> fungi and protist (protozoa and algae)
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14
Q

Give four comparisons of prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of their characteristics.

A
  • prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
    => no true nucleus; have true nucleus
    => no membrane-bound organelles (eg. mitochondria and chloroplast; have membrane-bound organelles
    => simpler and smaller; more complex
    => reproduced by binary fission; reproduced by mitosis and meiosis
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15
Q

What is the classification of microorganisms? And what are their cell type and form?

A
  • bacteria (prokaryotes, unicellular)
  • virus (acellular)
  • fungi (eukaryotes, unicellular or multi-cellular)
  • protists (eukaryotes, unicellular or multi-cellular)
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16
Q

Where can microorganisms be found?

A
  • in the environment and human body
17
Q

What are sterile sites and where are they? What are their respective systems?

A
  • sites where no microorganisms should be found in the human body
  • brain and spinal cord (CNS)
  • blood (circulatory system)
  • kidneys (urinary system)
  • lungs (respiratory system)
  • ovaries and testes (reproductive system)
18
Q

Which microbes are beneficial and which are harmful?

A
  • normal microbiota (normal flora)
    => non-pathogenic that live symbiotically in the human body
    => does not cause disease
    => usually beneficial to humans
    => very abundant as there are 10^13 body cells which there are 10^14 normal flora
    => eg. lactobacilli
  • pathogens
    => have the ability to cause disease in health individuals
  • opportunistic pathogens
    => do not cause disease under normal conditions, they wait for opportunities to cause disease (only cause disease in people with immunodeficiency)
    => eg. e coli, staphylococcus
19
Q

What are the types of microbe-host relationships? Give one example for each type.

A
  • mutualism (both benefit) (eg. E. coli)
  • commensalism (one benefit one unaffected) (eg. Staphylococcus)
  • parasitism (one benefit and one harmed) (eg. H1N1)
20
Q

What benefits will be brought to humans and bacteria in mutualism?

A
  • human
    => bacteria synthesise vitamins (vitamin B and K)
    => bacteria produce digestive enzymes to break down food (eg. polysaccharides in plant cell wall )
    => protect host by preventing pathogenic organisms from growing
  • bacteria
    => provide place for them to survive and multiply
    => obtain food source
21
Q

How do pathogens cause infectious diseases and microbial intoxication?

A
  • infect and colonise internal or external body surface –> inflammation and tissue damage
  • produce toxin –> ingestion of toxin –> disease (food poisoning)

Biomedical Science (Y1a) (12 decks)

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