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Medicine for the Engineer > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

Nervous tissue, CNS, ANS, senses, urinary system, fluid balance, reproductive system, development and inheritance, hearing implants, prosthesis

1
Q

The human nervous tissue can be split into two parts. What are they called and what do they include?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nervous tissue outside CNS

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2
Q

What three different systems can the PNS be divided into and what are their functions?

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS):
- sensory neurons convey info from somatic receptors to CNS
- motor neurons conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
- sensory neurons convey info from autonomic sensory receptors to CNS
- motor neurons conduct nerve impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- sympathetic and parasymphatetic division
Enteric Nervous System (ENS): “brain of the gut”, monitors GI tract

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3
Q

What are two expressions used to describe the sympathetic and parasymphatetic division of the ANS?

A

sym: “fight or flight”
parasym: “rest and digest”

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4
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

An axon hillock is the cone-shaped cylindrical elevation of the axon where the long cylindrical projection joins the cell body

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5
Q

What are some different structural classifications of neurons?

A
  • multipolar neurons (several dendrites, one axon)
  • bipolar neurons (one dendrite, one axon)
  • unipolar neuron (dendrites and one axon have fused together)
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6
Q

What are some different functional classifications of neurons?

A
  • sensory neurons (afferent [–> CNS], contain sensory receptors)
  • motor neurons (efferent [CNS –>], convey action potential to effectors)
  • interneurons (located within CNS between sensory and motor neurons)
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7
Q

What is neuroglia and what types are there?

A

Fills up space between neurons. Six types: (in CNS) astrocytes, oligdendrytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, (in PNS) schwann cells, satellite cells

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8
Q

A ganglion is…

and a nucleus is…

A

… a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

… a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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9
Q

Bundles of axons in the PNS are called…

and in the CNS they are called…

A

… nerves

… tracts

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10
Q

What is white and gray brain matter made of?

A

White: myelinated axons
Gray: neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

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11
Q

A cell that has a membrane potential is…

A

… polarized

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12
Q

How does a leak channel work?

A

It randomly alternates between open and closed

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13
Q

How does a voltage-gated channel work?

A

It opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage)

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14
Q

What is the resting membrane potential and how does it arise?

A

-70 mV, it arises due to unequal distribution of various ions in the cytosol (rich in K+) and the extracellular fluid (rich in Na+, Cl-)

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15
Q

What is the threshold of an action potential and what happens when it is reached?

A

-55 mV, during an action potential two types of voltage-gated ion channels open. Na+ VG channel opens first, causing depolarization. Second, K+ VG channel opens and causes repolarization. Potential stabilized to resting potential again. Refractory period occurs.

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16
Q

What is special about the refractory period?

A

The cell cannot be polarized during this period

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17
Q

There are different types of nerve impulse conductions. What is continuous conduction?

A

Each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane depolarizes to threshold and generates an action potential that depolarizes the next patch.

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18
Q

There are different types of nerve impulse conductions. What is saltatory conduction?

A

The axons are myelinated, allowing much larger parts of the axon (one node at a time) to be depolarized simultaneously.

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19
Q

What is a benefit of electrical synapses?

A

Quick

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20
Q

What is a benefit of chemical synapses?

A

Longer lasting effect

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21
Q

What are some different neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh), aminoacids (glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonine
Gas form: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)

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22
Q

What are the two enlargements of the vertebral column?

A

cervical enlargement (nerves for upper limbs) and lumbar enlargement (nerves for lower limbs)

23
Q

What are the two grooves of the vertebral column called?

A

the deep anterior (ventral) median fissure and the shallow posterior (dorsal) median sulcus

24
Q

What does the central part of the vertebral column contain?

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

25
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

26
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundles of axons travelling to similar places with similar information

27
Q

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, what does that mean?

A

That they contain both sensory and motor nerve

28
Q

Individual axons (myelinated or not) are wrapped in…
Groups of axons wrapped in this are called fasicles, which are together wrapped in…
The entire nerve is then covered in…

A

… endoneurium
… perineum
… epineurium

29
Q

What is a network of nerve branches and nerves called?

A

A plexus

30
Q

What are the major plexuses?

A

cervical, branchial, lumbar and sacral

31
Q

What is the name of and location of the longest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve, in the legs

32
Q

What are intercostal nerves?

A

Spinal nerves that do not form plexuses

33
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • white matter has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulse conduction: sensory impulses travel towards the brain and motor impulses travel from the brain toward skeletal muscles and other effector tissues
  • gray matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing info
  • site for integration of reflexes
34
Q

The brain is approx … % of the body weight and requires approx … % of the body’s oxygen supply

A

2 %

20 %

35
Q

What is the purpose of CSF?

A

Protects by adsorbing shocks, carries substances such as glucose and oxygen from blood to neurons and neuroglia, also removes waste and toxic substances

36
Q

Where is CSF produced and what is it made from?

A

At the choroid plexuses, it is formed by ependymal cells that cover the plexuses. The CSF is made from blood plasma by filtration and secretion.

37
Q

The brainstem is made up of…

A

… medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (and reticular formation)

38
Q

The Reticular Activating System (RAS) results in…

A

… consiousness

39
Q

The thalamus is made of…

A

… paired oval masses of gray matter organized into nuclei with interspersed tracts of white matter

40
Q

The function of the thalamus is…

A

… it is the major relay station for most sensory impulses and helps maintain consiousness

41
Q

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Control of the ANS (heart rate, movement of food, etc)
  2. Control of pituitary gland (production of hormones)
  3. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns (together with limbic system)
  4. Regulation of eating and drinking (hungriness, fullness)
  5. Control of body temperature
  6. Regulation of circadian rythms and states of consciousness
42
Q

The pineal gland secretes…

A

… melantonin

hormone: powerful antioxidant, promotes sleepiness, setting of body’s biological clock

43
Q

The main function of the cerebellum is…

A

… maintain posture and balance

44
Q

The main function of the cerebrum is…

A

… controls our ability to read, write, speak, make calculations, create

45
Q

The cerebrum folds upon itself, these fold are called…, the deep grooves are called…
and the shallow grooves are called…

A

… gyri
… fissures
… sulci

46
Q

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by…

A

… the corpus callosum (broad band of white matter with axons extending between hemispheres)

47
Q

How many lobes does each brain half have, and what are they called?

A

Four: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

48
Q

What do the basal nuclei in the brain do?

A

Help start and stop movements

49
Q

What is the limbic system sometimes called?

A

The emotional brain

50
Q

What are the five sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. primary somatosensory area (touch, pain, temp)
  2. primary visual area
  3. primary auditory area
  4. primary gustatory area (taste)
  5. primary olfactory area (smell)
51
Q

What are the two motor areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Primary motor area (voluntary muscle contractions)

2. Brocha’s speech area

52
Q

What are the eight association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Somtosensory association area (memory)
  2. Visual association area (recognizing objects)
  3. Auditory association area (recognize sounds)
  4. Wernicke’s area (meaning of speech, words –> thoughts)
  5. Common integrative area (integrates and translates info in different areas)
  6. Premotor area (generates nerve impulses contracting muscles)
  7. Frontal eye field area (voluntary scanning movements)
  8. Prefrontal cortex (personality, intelligence, mood)
53
Q

What parts of the brain are related to memory?

A

Association areas of frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, parts of the limbic system and the diencephalon

54
Q

How many cranial nerves are there and what are they called?

A 
12,
I: Olfactory (smell) S
II: Optic S
III: Oculomotor (eye) M
IV: Trochlear (eyeball) M
V: Trigeminal (feeling) S
VI:  Abducens (eyeball) M
VII: Facial S,M
VIII: Vestibulocochlear, S,S
IX: Glassopharyngeal (mouth) S,M
X: Vagus (gut) S,M
XI: Accessory (movement head + shoulders) M
XII: Hypoglossal (tounge movement) M

Medicine for the Engineer (2 decks)

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