Part 2

Question 1

How does length and grammatical complexity affect stuttering?

Answer 1

The greater the length, more transitions, more likely stuttering will occur

Question 2

What are fluency inducing conditions?

Answer 2

Singing, consistent pacing, altered auditory feedback

Question 3

Are PWS the same?

Answer 3

No- just stutter and may share anxieties.

Question 4

Explain stuttering as a typical speech event

Answer 4

Appropriate timing in and across words, smooth connections within and across words, minimal regulation of exertion/force

Question 5

Explain stuttering as a complex speech disordr

Answer 5

Appropriate timing within and across words, continuity is disjointed or breaks in speech, effort is considerable and inherently effortful, complexity is multidimensional (physical components, bxal components, cognitive…)

Question 6

What are primary/core behaviors?

Answer 6

Repititions: saying sound many times (sounds, syllables, words, phrases) (first word, between utterance, nouns, adj, etc)
Greater number signals loss of control.

Dysrythmic phonations: holding onto the sounds (audible prolongations where airflow is minimally interrupted OR inaudible blocks where sound gets stuck GREATER SEVERITY)
Can also be broken words (atypical pauses between words, typically between syllables)

Question 7

What are secondary concomitants?

Answer 7

Struggle/accessory behaviors: eye blinks, head movements of head and other extremities, pursed lips…

Can accompany or precede primary bxs- reinforce stuttering

Question 8

What are the attitudinal aspects of stuttering?

Answer 8

Cognitively: realize speech is hard
affective: frustration, anxiety, nervousness…

Bx: escape and avoidance from stuttering through (postponement via circumlocution and false starts, word subs, avoidance of speech)

Avoidance bx is bad bc counterproductive to modification, restricted self expression, and perpetuated stuttering bx