Part 2 Flashcards
Which two arteries supply the brain with blood?
- Carotis interna - from aorta through the skull bone
2. Vertebralis - from the arm, passes the vertebrae and reach the brain through the spinal cord
What is the large vein in the neck called?
Jugularis
What does the PNS do?
It connects CNS to the limbs and the organs
Which types of nerves does the PNS contains of?
- Spinal nerves
2. Cranial nerves
The spinal nerves are of two type, which?
- Motoric - from the brain
2. Sensoric - to the brain
How many pair of spinal vs cranial nerve exists?
31 vs 12
Which part of the brain is “the boss” of ANS?
Hypothalamus
The ANS is divided in two parts, which?
- Sympathetic – fight-flight
2. Parasympathetic – energy saving and recharging, e.g. after a meal.
Which are the general senses (somatosensory)?
- Tactile
- Thermal
- Pain
- Proprioception
- Visceral
Which are the special senses?
- Taste
- Smell
- Vision
- Hearing
- Balance
Which 6 types of sensory receptors does the human have?
- Mechanoreceptors - Mechanical pressure, vibration, proprioception
- Thermoreceptors - Changes in temperature
- Nociceptors - Painreceptors, respond to physical or chemical damage to tissue
- Photoreceptors - Detect light that meets the retina of the eye
- Chemoreceptors - Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell) and body fluids.
- Osmoreceptors - Sense osmotic pressure in body fluids
Which type of fiber corresponds to slow vs fast pain?
C-fibers vs Adelta-fibers
What does adaption (regarding sensation) means?
Decrease in the strength of a sensation during a prolonged stimulus, ex. hot shower
What can be the reasons for myopia (nearsightedness)?
- The eye is too long
2. The lens too strong
Which type of lens do you need to have if you have myopia (nearsightedness)?
Concave
What can be the reasons for hyperopia (farsightedness)?
- The eye is too short
2. The lens is too weak
Which type of lens do you need to have if you have hyperopia (farsightedness)?
Convex
What is the hearing pathway?
- CNVIII
- Brainstem
- Auditory cortex (in temporal lobe)
Which four cell types consist in epidermis?
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Langerhans’ cells
- Merkel cells
Dermis contains two layers, which?
- Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer
Which are the major skin cancer types?
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
What is needed to Bioprint?
- 3D Bioprinter
- Bioink
- Cells
How long is a normal pregancy?
40 weeks (280 days)
What does gestational age means?
From date of last menstrual period (fertilization + 2 weeks)
What does fertilization age means?
From date of conception
What are the important events during a pregnancy?
- Fertilization
- Blastulation
- Implantation
- Gastrulation
- Embryonic folding
- Fetal period
- Birth
Which are the stages of labor?
- Dilation stage
- Expulsion stage
- Placental stage
The spinal nerve consists of two different roots, which?
- Ventral root - efferent (from CNS)
2. Dorsal root - afferent (to CNS)
Which are the different types of hearing loss?
- Conductive loss - outer and middle ear
- Sensorineural loss - inner ear and auditory nerve
- Mixed loss - mix of conductive and sensorineural loss
- Central loss - nerve system of brain stem or brain
- Non-organic loss - no anatomical or physiological loss can be shown despite hearing loss
When use an Air Conduction Hearing Aid?
- Sensorineural loss
2. Presbyacusis (age related loss)
When use an Bone Conduction Hearing Aid?
- Conductive loss
2. Mixed loss
Which five different types of hearing aids exists?
- Air conduction device (ACD)
- Bone conduction device (BCD)
- Middle ear implants (MEI)
- Cochlear implants (CI)
- Auditory brainstem implants (ABI)
Which are two common dialysis methods?
- Hemodialysis
2. CAPD - Continous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Which are the main proteins in the protein buffer system?
- Hemoglobin - within the red blood cells
2. Albumin - in plasma
