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diagnostic methods > part 2 > Flashcards

part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

suggested xrays for AC joint

A
  • AP with and without weights
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2
Q

suggested xrays for AC joint

A
  • AP with and without weights
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3
Q

suggested xrays for chest

A
  • PA

- Lateral (full inspiration)

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4
Q

suggested xrays for clavicle

A
  • AP

- Axial (20 deg cephalad)

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5
Q

suggested xrays for humerus

A
  • AP

- Lateral

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6
Q

suggested xrays for ribs

A
  • AP
  • obliques (bilat)
  • upper rib- inspiration
  • lower ribs- expiration
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7
Q

suggested xrays for SC joint

A
  • AP

- obliques (bilat)

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8
Q

suggested xrays for shoulder

A
  • AP
  • Grashey
  • Y-scapular
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9
Q

why would you order a Y scapular view and axial view of shoulder

A
  • scapular Y tells you if shoulder is dislocated

- axial tells you if dislocation is anterior or posterior

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10
Q

suggested xrays for elbow

A
  • AP
  • external oblique
  • lateral
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11
Q

suggested xrays for fingers

A
  • AP
  • oblique of hand
  • lateral of affected finger
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12
Q

suggested xrays for hand

A
  • AP
  • Oblique
  • Lateral
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13
Q

suggested xrays for thumb

A
  • AP
  • Oblique
  • Lateral
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14
Q

suggested xrays for wrist

A
  • AP
  • oblique
  • lateral
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15
Q

nightstick fracture

A
  • defensive wound
  • from direct force on forearm
  • transverse fx
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16
Q

colles fx

A
  • fx of distal radial metaphysis with dorsal angulation and impaction
  • very common
  • from FOOSH
  • extra-articular
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17
Q

metacarpal fxs

A
  • very common
  • 10% of all fx
  • 40% of hand fx
  • result of direct trauma
  • stable fx
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18
Q

suggested xrays for hip

A
  • AP pelvis

- Frog lateral

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19
Q

suggested xrays for ankle

A
  • AP
  • mortise
  • lateral
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20
Q

suggested xrays for femur

A
  • AP

- lateral

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21
Q

suggested xrays for foot

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Oblique
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22
Q

suggested xrays for knee over 40 y/0

A
  • bilat PA weight bearing (at 30 degrees flexion)
  • bilat tunnel
  • bilat sunrise
  • lateral of affected knee
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23
Q

suggested xrays for knee over 40 y/0

A
  • bilat PA weight bearing (at 30 degrees flexion)
  • bilat tunnel
  • bilat sunrise
  • lateral of affected knee
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24
Q

T1

A
  • time it takes for tissue to recover to parallel state
  • aka recovery
  • has short TE and short TR
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25
Q

why would you order a Y scapular view and axial view of shoulder

A
  • scapular Y tells you if shoulder is dislocated

- axial tells you if dislocation is anterior or posterior

26
Q

suggested xrays for elbow

A
  • AP
  • external oblique
  • lateral
27
Q

what typically appears white in T1 weighted images

A
  • fat
  • gadolinium
  • proteinaceous fluid
  • melanin
28
Q

suggested xrays for hand

A
  • AP
  • Oblique
  • Lateral
29
Q

suggested xrays for thumb

A
  • AP
  • Oblique
  • Lateral
30
Q

suggested xrays for wrist

A
  • AP
  • oblique
  • lateral
31
Q

nightstick fracture

A
  • defensive wound
  • from direct force on forearm
  • transverse fx
32
Q

colles fx

A
  • fx of distal radial metaphysis with dorsal angulation and impaction
  • very common
  • from FOOSH
  • extra-articular
33
Q

metacarpal fxs

A
  • very common
  • 10% of all fx
  • 40% of hand fx
  • result of direct trauma
  • stable fx
34
Q

suggested xrays for hip

A
  • AP pelvis

- Frog lateral

35
Q

suggested xrays for ankle

A
  • AP
  • mortise
  • lateral
36
Q

suggested xrays for femur

A
  • AP

- lateral

37
Q

suggested xrays for food

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • Oblique
38
Q

suggested xrays for knee under 40 y/o

A
  • AP
  • Lateral
  • tunnel
  • sunrise
39
Q

suggested xrays for knee over 40 y/0

A
  • bilat PA weight bearing (at 30 degrees flexion)
  • bilat tunnel
  • bilat sunrise
  • lateral of affected knee
40
Q

what is considered an adequate film for prostesis

A
  • must see ENTIRE prosthesis to ensure you dont have fx anywhere
41
Q

maisonneuve fx

A
  • combo of sprial fx in proximal fibula with ankle injury in one or more:
  • widening of ankle joint
  • deltoid ligament disruption
  • fx of medial malleolus
42
Q

what else should you evaluate if you see calcaneus fx

A
  • spine for compression fx

- mechanism of injury is usualy due to extreme load to axial skeleton

43
Q

MRI

A
  • uses magnetic field to manipulate electrical activity of H
  • releases energy in form of radiofrequency signals
  • not ionizing
44
Q

Hydrogen protons in MRIs

A
  • have positive charge
  • also have spin which causes electrical current
  • electrical current prodcues magnetic current
  • MRI magnet causes protons to align
45
Q

MRI magnet

A
  • coils cause transmitting RF pulses and also receive signal (echo)
  • RF pulse changes orientation of protons
  • when pulse turned off protons realign which releases energy
46
Q

T1

A
  • time it takes for tissue to recover to parallel state

- has short TE and short TR

47
Q

TE

A

echo time

48
Q

TR

A

repetition time

49
Q

what typically appears white in T1 weighted images

A
  • fat
  • gadolinium
  • proteinaceous fluid
  • melanin
50
Q

T2

A
  • time it takes for tissue to return to perpendicular to magnetic field
  • short TE and long TR
  • water is white*
51
Q

what typically appears white in T2 weighted images

A
  • water
  • fat
  • edema
  • inflammation
  • infection
  • cysts
  • hemorrhage
52
Q

gadolinium

A
  • most common IV contrast used in MRI
  • shorts T1 relaxation time of H
  • enhances tumors and areas of inflammation
53
Q

imaging planes for MRI

A
  • sagittal
  • coronal
  • axial
54
Q

advantages of MRI

A
  • high resolution images in multiple planes
  • detailed soft tissue characteristics
  • non-invasive
  • no known harmful effects
55
Q

disadvantages of MRI

A
  • expensive
  • 30-45 min scan time
  • limited by body habitus, pt anxiety, implants, contrast allergies
56
Q

why order MRI

A
  • soft tissue eval primarily
  • dx occult fx
  • ligament or articular damage
  • modality of choice for disc herniation and internal derangement of joints
57
Q

ACL tear etiology

A
  • valgus force to lateral knee
  • can also be from non-contact jumping, pivoting, deceleration
  • women > men
58
Q

ACL tear clinical presentation

A
  • mild-moderate pain
  • large effusion
  • instability with side to side movement
  • decreased ROM
  • protected WB or instability
59
Q

how to dx ACL tear

A
  • lachman test
  • xrays to rule out fx
  • MRI
  • femoral bone bruise often seen
60
Q

quad tendon rupture

A
  • often in heavy set males in 40s- 50s
  • also seen in young athletes
  • cannot perform SLR or extend leg
  • almost always surgically repaired
61
Q

meniscus tear

A
  • medial tear more common than lateral
  • often with twisting movements
  • can also be rotational or flexed knee movement
  • often hears pop
  • knee locking
  • use macmurray test

diagnostic methods (6 decks)

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