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Medicine FTE > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mention 3 types of muscles.

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber?

A

Sarcomere

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3
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Neuron + triggered fibers

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4
Q

Mention the three parts of the functional structure of a sarcomere.

A 
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Tropomyosin - blocks myosin binding site when muscle is at rest.
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5
Q

Describe the action at the Neuromuscular junction.

A
  1. Release of Acetylcholine (ACh).
  2. Activation of ACh receptors (gated channels).
  3. Generation of muscle action potential (ions flow).
  4. Breakdown of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase.
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6
Q

Which ion is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum at the muscle action potential?

A

Ca2+

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7
Q

What happens during muscle contraction?

A
  1. Ca2+ release from Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  3. Moves tropomyosin off action sites
  4. Myosin binds and start cycle.
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8
Q

What happens during muscle relaxation?

A
  1. ACh breakdown stops muscle action potentials
  2. Ca2+ ions are transported back into SR - requires ATP!
  3. Tropomyosin covers actin binding sites.
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9
Q

What can be limiting factors during fatigue?

A 
Ca2+
Creatine phosphate
Oxygen
Building up of acid
Neuronal failure
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10
Q

How is oxygen used after exercise?

A

Convert lactic acid back to glucose in liver
Resynthesize creatine phosphate and ATP
Replace oxygen removed from myoglobin

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11
Q

What are the components of the bone matrix?

A

25 % water
25 % collagen fibers
50 % mineral salts (Ca, P, Mg)

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12
Q

What are the cells in bone?

A

Osteogenic cells - unspecified
Osteoblasts - build
Osteocytes - maintain
Osteoclasts - digest

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13
Q

What are the name of the arrangement of bone in compact bone?

A

Osteons (Harvesian systems)

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14
Q

In osteons, what is the name of the layers of matrix?

A

Concentric lamellae

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15
Q

What are the cartilage forming cells in bone?

A

Chondrocytes

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16
Q

What are the unique skeletal features of the skull?

A

Sutures: immovable joint between skull bones
Paranasal sinuses: cavities near the nasal region
Fontanels: soft spot in fetal skull

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17
Q

How many vertebrae does a human have?

A

33

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18
Q

What treatment methods are used after bone fracture?

A

Standard = conservative

Traction

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19
Q

What are the factors affecting bone growth?

A

Adequate minerals (Ca, P, Mg)
Vitamins A,C,D
Hormones (hGH, insulin like GF, Thyroid hormone, sex hormones)
Weight bearing activity

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20
Q

Name the feedback loops monitoring osteoclast activity.

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -> osteoclast activity up + decrease loss of Ca2+ in urine
Calcitonin -> osteoclast activity down
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21
Q

In which ways can joints be classified?

A

Structurally; by their anatomy

Functionally; by the degree of movement they permit

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22
Q

What are the three classes of structurally separated joints?

A

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

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23
Q

What are the three classes of fibrous joints?

A

Suture - in skull
Syndesmosis - between tibia and fibula
Interosseous membrane - between tibia and fibula

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24
Q

What are the two classes of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis

Symphysis

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25
Q

What is bursae?

A

Sacs made of synovial membranes containing fluid (in synovial joints)

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26
Q

What part of the nervous system is controlled by the free will?

A

Somatic nervous system.

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27
Q

In what parts is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

sympathetic

parasymphatic

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28
Q

Mention four types of Glial cells.

A

Astrocytes - maintain chemical environment
Oligodendrocytes - produce and maintain myelin shealth of CNS neurons
Schwann cells - myelin shealth of PNS neurons
Mikroglia - protect CNS from disease

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29
Q

What is grey and white matter?

A

Grey matter = bodies of nerve cells

White matter = nerve fibers

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30
Q

Which ions are dominating inside/ outside the cell?

A

Inside: K+ (surplus of negative charges)
Outside: Na+ and Ca2+ (surplus of positive charges)

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31
Q

What is the substance related to Parkinson and Schizofrenia?

A

Dopamin

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32
Q

What is the substance related to depression?

A

Serotonin

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33
Q

What is “Long term potentiation”?

A

When a synaps get stronger

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34
Q

What are the central parts of CNS, and what are their main functions?

A

Cerebrum
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Medulla spinalis (Spinal cord)

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35
Q

What are the functions of the CNS and which parts are they connected to?

A

Cortex - thoughts
Limbic system - Emotions, memories
Brain stem - Instincts
Spinal cord - Reflexes

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36
Q

What are the parts of Cerebrum?

A 
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Diencephalon
White matter
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37
Q

What is the name of the four lobes of cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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38
Q

Mention four important areas in the frontal lobe.

A

Prefrontal cortex
Premotor cortex
Primary motorcortex
Broca’s area

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39
Q

Which cortex is responsible for personality, insight mm?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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40
Q

What is the Association cortex?

A

Large areas of cortex with diffuse functions, eg abstract thinking

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41
Q

What is motoric aphasia?

A

Injury to the left frontal lobe may result in affected motoric language.

42
Q

Which lobe is connected to sensory aphasia?

A

Temporal lobe

43
Q

Which lobe is connected to language, memory, auditary cortex, limbic system mm?

A

Temporal lobe

44
Q

What is the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory perception
Language
Spatial orientation and perception

45
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

46
Q

What is the extra-pyramid system?

A

part of the motor system causing involuntary actions.

47
Q

Which substance is found in the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

48
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Control hemostasis - inner mileu of the body. Thirst, hunger, sleep, sexual behaviour.

49
Q

Which system is responsible fo emotions, memory and olfaction?

A

Limbic system

50
Q

What are the three tracts of the white matter?

A 
Projection tracts (between different levels in CNS)
Commisure tracts (between the hemisphere)
Association tracts (within a hemisphere)

Hemisphere = hjärnhalva

51
Q

What is the name of the centre for conciousness, breathing, heart rate, sneezing mm

A

Formatio reticularis (Reticular formation)

52
Q

What is the function of cerebellum?

A
  • Involved in coordination of eye-, trunc and head movements using signals from the ear (balance organ).
  • Helps to maintain posture and balance.
  • Takes part in fine motoric movements of the arms and hands and trained fast and complicated movements.
53
Q

What is the name of the 4 fluid filled ventricles in the brain?

A

Lateral ventricle (2)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

54
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Protection against physical injury

Transport of substances

55
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Vattenskalle

56
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue enclosing the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meniges:
Pia mater - closest to the nervous tissue
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater - periosteum

57
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels A. carotis interna, A. Vertebralis, A. Basilaris?

A

Blood to brain.
A. carotis interna - from aorta
A. Vertebralis - from the vessels to the arm
A. Basilaris

58
Q

What is the number of spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs

59
Q

Spinal nerve is divided into _______ root.

A

ventral and dorsal

60
Q

Ventral root consists of axons ___ the CNS (__).

Dorsal root consists of axons ___ the CNS (__).

A

from, efferens

to, afferens

61
Q

What are the initial stages of fetal development?

A

Oocyte
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst

62
Q

What are the two layers of the embryonic disc?

A

Hypoblast (primitive endoderm)

Epiblast (primitive ectoderm)

63
Q

What are the three layers of the three-layered embryo and what do they develop into?

A

Ectoderm - nervous system & skin
Endoderm - epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
Mesoderm - all other tissues.

64
Q

Which layer does the notochord come from?

A

Mesoderm

65
Q

What is the name of the specialization of the ectoderm?

A

Neutralization (Neurolation) form neural groove

66
Q

What is the name of the connection between the placenta and fetus?

A

Umbrical cord

67
Q

Which hormones are dominating during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone and estrogens

68
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the chorion (typ fosterhinna)?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

69
Q

Which hormone causes uterine contractions during labor?

A

Progesterone

70
Q

What is the “water” that the fetus swims in?

A

Amniotic fluid

71
Q

Which hormones contribute to lactation?

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin

72
Q

What is the pyramidal tract?

A

Cerebral cortex - medulla spinalis - muscles.

Cross midline in brainstem

73
Q

Who is the boss of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

In which parts are the ANS divided into?

A

Symphatetic - fight and flight

Parasymphatetic - rest

75
Q

What are the general senses (Somatosensory)?

A 
Tactile 
Thermal
Pain 
Proprioception
Visceral
76
Q

What does the a) Meissner corpuscle

b) Pancinian corpuscles sense?

A

a) Light touch, small receptor fields

b) vibration

77
Q

Which sense regulate the static and dynamic position of the body?

A

Proprioceptive sensations. Multiple types of receptors are involved and used together.
Proprioceptors can be Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

78
Q

What is the name of the disorder that gives a decreased sense of smell?

A

Hyposmia

79
Q

Which are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tonic,
vascular tonic (choroid - blood supply)
retina (CN II)

80
Q

Mention two disorders to the eye.

A

Presbyopia (less elastic lens)

Astigmatism (Assymetrical cornea)

81
Q

What is the main component of photopigment in rods?

A

Rhodopsin

82
Q

What can cause diffuse axonal injury (DAI)?

A

Tearing of nerve fibers due to high velocity injuries.

83
Q

What is aneurysm?

A

Pathological distension of blood vessel.

84
Q

Which are the three regions of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous fat)

85
Q

Which are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
Protection
Temperature regulation
Sensations (exoreceptors for touch and pain)
Synthesis of vitamin D
Blood reservoir
Excretion of waste
86
Q

What are the most common cell types in Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes - produce keratin
Melanocytes - produce melanin
Langerhan’s cells - epidermal macrophages
Merkel cells - touch receptors

87
Q

Which epidermal cell layer is only present in thick skin?

A

Clear layer

88
Q

What are the cell types of dermis?

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
White blood cells

89
Q

Mention four different types of sweat glands.

A

Eccrine SG - body temperature
Apocrine SG - emotional sweating
Cerumnious glands - secrete cerumen in ear canal
Mammary glands - secrete milk

90
Q

What are the three types of skin cancer possible?

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

91
Q

What are the components of the male reproduction system?

A

Testes - produce sperm & secrete hormones
System of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens mm) - transport and storage
Accessory sex glands - secrete semen
Supporting structures (penis) - passageway

92
Q

Which production is initiated by Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in males?

A

Lutenizing hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone

93
Q

What is the function of Lutenizing hormone in males?

A

Stimulate Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

94
Q

Which hormones are involved in spermatogenesis?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Testosterone

95
Q

What is required to form dihydrotestosterone?

A

Enzyme
Testosterone
dihydrotestosterone stimulates growth of external genitalia

96
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation?

A

Epididymis

97
Q

What are the stages in the ovarian cycle in females?

A
  1. Granulosa cells
  2. Primary oocyte
  3. Secondary oocyte
  4. Ovulation
98
Q

What does Gonadotropin - releasing hormone control in females? And where is it released?

A

Ovarian/uterine cycle

In hypothalamus

99
Q

What is regulated by Follicle - stimulating hormone in females?

A

follicular growth

secretion of estrogens

100
Q

What is regulated by Lutenizing hormone in females?

A

Development of ovarian follicles
Secretion of estrogens
Trigger ovulation

101
Q

What are the female sex steroids?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

102
Q

What are the male sex steroids?

A

Testosteron

Dihydrotestosteron

Medicine FTE (1 decks)

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