Part 2

Question 0

By the seventh century, the _______ built stone towers on high points of land along their coast.

Answer 0

Basques

Question 1

By the seventh century A.D., all of Western Europe spoke Indo-European languages that stemmed from the ______ ___ _____ invasion of Europe–except for the Basques.

Answer 1

Bronze Age Asian

Question 2

All of the fishing nations of Northern Europe wanted to participate in the ___, _______ ______, _________ __________ salt cod market.

Answer 2

New, rapidly growing, extremely profitable

Question 3

One group of Vikings remained in Iceland, becoming the __________. A second group remained in the _____ _______. The main body of Vikings were given lands in the _____ _____ in exchange for protecting _____.

Answer 3

Icelanders
Faroe Islands
Seine basin, Paris

Question 4

Fisherman are _________ about good fishing grounds.

Answer 4

Secretive

Question 5

The few ______ places that escaped romanization are strikingly similar stretches of Atlantic coastline.

Answer 5

Celtic

Question 6

For the _______, salt was regarded as of strategic importance because salt cod and corned beef became the rations of the British navy.

Answer 6

British

Question 7

In some parts of ______ it was “a dream porridge,” in others a pancake, that was made in silence and heavily salted.

Answer 7

Sweden

Question 8

Evaporating seawater over a fire was ____ and ______, but northerners developed techniques to produce salt in gray, rainy climates

Answer 8

slow, costly

Question 9

A number of ways were found to preserve _______ with small quantities of salt.

Answer 9

herring

Question 10

The more usual way of preserving fish required _ _____ ____ __ ____. Herring salting was e=described by _____ _____, an agent for the British government, in 1641.

Answer 10

a great deal of salt

Simon Smith

Question 11

In a 1961 speech, _______ __ ______, explaining the governable character of the French nation, said,”Nobody can easily bring together a nation that has 265 kinds of ______.

Answer 11

Charles de Gaulle

cheese

Question 12

In the time of _____, a Roman legionnaire named ________ established a sea-salt pond estuary of the _____ to raise money to pay the salaries of the enormous Roman fighting army in ____.

Answer 12

Pliny
Peccaius
Rhone
Gaul

Question 13

The Mediterranean saltworks shipped their product up the Rhone as far as ____.

Answer 13

Lyon

Question 14

The _______ learned how to make hams in their long war with the Celts and then learned to market them in their long peace with ham-loving Romans.

Answer 14

Basques

Question 15

On the Mediterranean coast, west of ______-______, in Catalan country near the Spanish border, was the fishing village of _________.

Answer 15

Aigues-Mortes

Collioure

Question 16

In _______, the Romans had found a land of ancient salt mines.

Answer 16

Germany

Question 17

In 1268 and possibly earlier, a new technique was used to mine ____ ____.

Answer 17

rock salt

Question 18

______ were essential to central European saltworks.

Answer 18

Rivers

Question 19

The ____________ developed its own salt-mining culture.

Answer 19

Salzkammergut

Question 20

________ ______ was the site of ancient aprings where as early as 3500 B.C., brine was gathered and boiled in clay pots

Answer 20

Southern Poland

Question 21

In 1772, Poland was partitioned between _______, _______, and ______ –vanished as a nation until after World War I.

Answer 21

Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Question 22

The most common salt-cured vegetables from ______ to the _____ were cucumbers and cabbage–pickles and sauerkraut.

Answer 22

Alsace to the Urals

Question 23

In the list of great rivers that played essential roles in the history of salt–the Yangtze, the Nile, the Tiber, and the Po, the ____ and the ______, the _____ and the _____–a gurgling mud-bottomed waterway that flows for only seventy miles from the English midlands to the Irish Sea has to be included: the River Mersey.

Answer 23

Elbe
Danube
Rhone
Loire

Question 24

When the Romans came to England in A.D. 43, they found the _______ making salt by pouring brine on hot charcoal and scraping off the crystals that formed.

Answer 24

Britons

Question 25

Chester was on the _____ ___, which had an estuary that provided a deepwater port similar to that of the Mersey.

Answer 25

River Dee

Question 26

Even without fish, ________ salt had ample uses.

Answer 26

Cheshire

Question 27

By the the seventeenth century, the English had discovered that salted _________ would melt into a sauce.

Answer 27

anchovies

Question 28

At the end of the seventeenth century, Cheshire salt was still produced from two brine pits in __________, one in ________, and one at _________.

Answer 28

Middlewich
Nantwich
Northwich

Question 29

Even before true industrialization had overtaken England, the __________ ___________ of the environment ws an accepted way of life in Cheshire.

Answer 29

industrial degradation

Question 30

Despite Cheshire’s growing production, England still had that same dangerous dependence on foreign salt that had worried _____ _________.

Answer 30

Queen Elizabeth

Question 31

Studying a road map of almost anywhere in North America, noting the whimsical nongeometric pattern of the _________ roads, the _____ roads, the map reader could reasonably assume that the towns were placed and ______________ haphazardly without any scheme or design.

Answer 31

secondary
local
interconnected

Question 32

In the seventh month of their year, the ______ observed ceremonies for __________, who was banished to the saltwaters by her brothers the rain gods, and thus she was the discoverer of salt, the inventor of salt making.

Answer 32

Aztecs

Vixtociatl

Question 33

The history of the ________ is one constant warfare over salt.

Answer 33

Americas

Question 34

The earliest evidence that has been found of _____ salt production is dated at about 1000 B.C., but remains of earlier saltworks have been found in non-Mayan Mexico such as _______.

Answer 34

Mayan

Oaxaca

Question 35

The arrival of the _______ meant not only a new power controlling the salt but a huge increase in demand for industrial salt.

Answer 35

Spanish

Question 36

The British first arrived in North America in the north, at ____________, and they took cod.

Answer 36

Newfoundland

Question 37

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, while European powers were fighting bitterly for _________ islands on which to grow sugarcane, northern Europeans–the English, the Dutch, the Swedish, and the Danes–also looked for islands with inland salt marshes like the ____ _____ _______.

Answer 37

Caribbean

Cape Verde Islands

Question 38

In 1684, when _______, first explored by the British more than 150 years earlier, finally became a British colony, the first governor was given instructions to “proceed to rake salt.”

Answer 38

Bermuda

Question 39

The _______, the _____, and the ______ hunted for salt, the magic elixir that could turn their new American seas of limitless fish into limitless wealth.

Answer 39

English, Dutch, French

Question 40

For a while, the ________ _________ pursued their own salt making with characteristic self-reliance, producing a significant amount.

Answer 40

American colonists

Question 41

After the ______ ____ debacle, Gage was replaced as commander of British forces in America by _______ _______ ____, an illegitimate relative of the royal family,

Answer 41

Bunker Hill

General William Howe

Question 42

One of the many sea salt operations to start up in response to the government’s publication of the _________ ________ and bounty offer was the first saltworks on Cape Cod.

Answer 42

Brownrigg pamphlet

Question 43

In 1875, a prominent German botanist named ________ _____ _________ wrote a book, Das Salz, which contended that there was a direct correlation between salt taxes and despots.

Answer 43

Matthais Jakob Schleiden

Question 44

_____ ___ put the state’s finance and commerce in the hands of Jean-Baptise Colbert, the son of a merchant family from the Champagne region.

Answer 44

Louis XIV

Question 45

In 1784, the French government turned to _______ ______, a Swiss banker so brilliant in his administration of the disastrous French economy that for a moment it appeared he would save the monarchy.

Answer 45

Jacques Necker

Question 46

By the late eighteenth century, more than ____ French men, women, and even children were sentenced to prison or death every year for crimes against the _______.

Answer 46

3000

gabelle

Question 47

In 1804, ________ _________, who had risen to head of the revolutionary army and then rose to first consul, became emperor of the French.

Answer 47

Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 48

In the 1870s, when the area was connected to the national railway system, the floppy, three-cornered ____ vanished.

Answer 48

hats

Question 49

Treaties are usually imperfect solutions, and the ______ __ _____ did not end all hostilities between the new United States and Britain.

Answer 49

Treaty of Paris

Question 50

The Americans did not forget the salt shortages of the __________.

Answer 50

Revolution

Question 51

The feeling was strong in the U.S. that the _______ were not to be trusted.

Answer 51

British

Question 52

As soon as the war ended, lawmakers pushed to approve the ____ _____, and work began in 1817.

Answer 52

Erie Canal

Question 53

The canal had opened at a prosperous time for ________ ____.

Answer 53

American salt

Question 54

After the American Revolution, a debate had begun about where to locate the _______ of the new country.

Answer 54

Capital

Question 55

The great opportunity for _______ salt came with the postwar midwestern pork and beef industries.

Answer 55

Kanawha

Question 56

Robert Fulton did not invent the steamboat, though hed did build one of the first submarines, ___ ________, which the French, British, and American governments all rejected.

Answer 56

The Nautilus

Question 57

In the 1840s , the ______ salt makers received another blow.

Answer 57

Kanawha

Question 58

In the 1939 classic film of the Civil War, Gone With the Wind, _____ ______ sneered at southern boasts of imminent victory.

Answer 58

Rhett Butler

Question 59

In 1861, the western countries of ________ organized into West Virginia, and Union general _____ ______ ___ marched in from Ohio up the valley of the Great Kanawha River.

Answer 59

Virginia

Jacob Dolson Cox

Question 60

As the war went on, the Union army attacked saltworks wherever it found them, from ________ to _____.

Answer 60

Virgina to Texas

Question 61

_______ __________ at the improvised wartime saltworks of the Confederacy were even worse than those at Kanawha had been.

Answer 61

Working Conditions

Question 62

The shortages in the South presented opportunities to ___________.

Answer 62

Speculators

Question 63

Just before the war began, French geologist _. _. _______ ________ wrote that Louisiana, with its sugar and cotton, need only to add salt production to its economy to become truly wealthy.

Answer 63

M. J. Raymond Thomassy

Question 64

After the war ended, with more than 1 million Americans dead, ______ _____ returned to Petite Anse.

Answer 64

Dudley Avery

Question 65

The burn of a pepper comes from a substance called _________, which is a natural poison designed t protect the plant by making it inedible.

Answer 65

Capsaicin

Question 66

After the Civil War, while pepper sauce was looking more lucrative than salt in _________, the American West offered dramatic opportunities.

Answer 66

Louisiana

Question 67

In the spring, seawater was pumped into the ponds of the _____ ___.

Answer 67

South Bay

Question 68

In 1906, _. _. __________ identified a one-celled plant called __________, which most observers concluded must actually be two species because the _____ initially developed a green scum and only later, when more dense, turned red.

Answer 68

E. C. Teodoresco
Dunaliella
Brine