Part 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are common disorders in adolescents
- Bipolar disorder
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
- Phobias
- Depression and anxiety
- Eating Disorders
- Substances abuse
- Attention deflect hyper active disorders
9.Conduct Disorder - Oppositional defiant disorder
What other challenges interfere with mental health in adolescents
sexual abuse
bullying (cyber-bullying and online harassment),
peer pressure,
academic stress,
body image (self-esteem),
relationship issues (with peers and parents) sexuality issues,
parenting styles
parental relationship & conflict
mental health stigma
substance use
health factors
trauma
violence
societal influence - media and technology and socioeconomic status
Cultural issues - identity and belonging and discrimination ad prejudice.
What is adolescent sexuality
it is the development and expression of sexual feelings, identity and behaviors during adolescence.
What are the key aspects of adolescent sexuality
- Biological Changes: Puberty and Sexual Desire.
- Psychological Development: Identity Formation and Emotional Relationships
- Social Influences: Peer Influence and Media and Technology
- Cultural and Ethical Contexts: Cultural Norms and Ethical Considerations.
- Sexual Health: Education and Healthcare Access.
What are the signs of bullying in adolescents
Unexplained injuries or bruises
Torn or damaged clothing or belongings
Reluctance or fear of going to school or participating in activities
Sudden decline in academic performance
Changes in eating or sleeping patterns
Withdrawal from friends and family
Increased anxiety or depression
Low self-esteem and self-worth
Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
Avoidance of social situations or isolation
Frequent complaints of headaches or stomachaches
What are the signs of sexual abuse in adolescents
Difficulty walking or sitting
Unexplained injuries or bleeding in genital areas
STIs or pregnancy, especially at a young age
Regression to earlier behaviors (e.g., bedwetting)
Avoidance of certain people or places
Knowledge or interest in sexual acts inappropriate for their age
Sudden changes in mood or personality
Depression, anxiety, or PTSD symptoms
Feelings of shame or guilt
Withdrawal from friends and family
Sudden drop in academic performance
Substance abuse or self-harm
What are the signs of depression in adolescents
Emotional Symptoms:
Persistent sadness or hopelessness
Irritability or anger
Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Behavioral Changes:
Withdrawal from friends, family, and activities
Changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or excessive sleeping)
Changes in appetite or weight
Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
Cognitive Symptoms:
Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
Decline in academic performance
Thoughts of death or suicide
Physical Symptoms:
Fatigue or lack of energy
Physical complaints (e.g., headaches, stomachaches) without a clear cause
What are the signs of anxiety in adolescents
Emotional Symptoms:
Excessive worry or fear
Restlessness or feeling on edge
Irritability or anger
Behavioral Changes:
Avoidance of social situations or activities
Compulsive behaviors or rituals
Difficulty participating in school or extracurricular activities
Physical Symptoms:
Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
Sweating, trembling, or shaking
Shortness of breath or chest pain
Frequent headaches or stomachaches
Cognitive Symptoms:
Difficulty concentrating or focusing
Overthinking or catastrophizing
Trouble sleeping or frequent nightmares
What are some human development theories
Freud’s Psycho-Sexual Stages of development
Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development
Cognitive development theory (Jean Piaget)
Moral development theory (Lawrence Kohlberg)
Ecological systems theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner)
Attachment theory (John Bowlby)
Adolescent egocentrism (David Elkind)
What are the causes of parent teen conflicts
Developmental Changes-Adolescents seek independence and autonomy, which can clash with parental control and expectations.
Differing views on responsibilities and privileges as teens mature.
Communication Gaps-Misunderstandings due to different communication styles or lack of open dialogue.
Parents and teens may have difficulty expressing themselves effectively or listening to each other.
Cultural and Generational Differences-Conflicts arise from differences in values, beliefs, and cultural expectations between parents and adolescents.
Generational gaps in attitudes towards technology, social norms, and lifestyle choices.
Academic and Social Pressures-Stress related to school performance, extracurricular activities, and social relationships can lead to conflicts.
Parents may have high expectations or different priorities than their teens.
Behavioral Issues-Adolescents engaging in risky or inappropriate behaviors (e.g., substance use, breaking curfew) can create tension.
Parental discipline and rules may be challenged or resisted by the teen.
Identity and Role Conflicts-Adolescents exploring their identity (e.g., gender, sexual orientation) may face conflicts with parents who have different views.
Role changes within the family (e.g., parental separation, new siblings) can cause stress and disagreements.
What is the fundamental idea behind Freud’s psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis is built on the notion that an individual is motivated by unseen forces controlled by the conscious and rational thoughts.
What are the three levels of mind according to Freud?
The three levels of mind are:
a) The preconscious - anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind.
b) The conscious mind - all thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes that an individual is aware of at any given moment.
c) The unconscious - a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories outside our conscious awareness.
How does the unconscious mind influence behavior?
The unconscious mind continues to influence individual behavior and experiences even though the individual is not aware of the underlying influence, including repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions.
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud and their roles?
ID: Pleasure-seeking
Ego: Reality check or reality principles
Super Ego: Source of moral anxiety, containing both the ego ideal and conscience
What are the psychosexual stages of development
Old, Age, Parrots, Love, Grapes.
1. Oral - 0 to 1yr - mouth - feeding - conflict could occur through weaning - oral fixations through smoking, nail biting, overeating
2. Anal - 1 to 3 yrs - anus - toilet training - anal retentive and expulsive fixation lead to orderliness & messiness
3. Phallic - 3 to 6 yrs - Genitals - Oedipus/Electra complex resolved through identification with mum/dad - fixation leads to sexual dysfunction
4. Latency - 6 to 12 years - education, hobbies, friendship and sports, structure of personality has been formed, development of social and intellectual skills and to the enjoyment of recreational activities, form friendships with members of the same sex - Fixation leads to feelings of inadequacy, and inferiority in establishing social relationships, relating to learning, conflicts over values, lack of initiative and dependency.
5. Genital - 12 and up - Genitals - Sexual maturity - Mentally healthy.
Name ego defense mechanisms
Displacement
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Sublimation
Regression
Reaction formation
Isolation
Suppression
Altruism
Avoidance
Why does the ego rely on defense mechanisms?
The ego relies on defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety resulting from the conflict between the demands of the ID, the Super Ego, and reality.
What are the Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development
1 yr - Trust vs mistrust - hope - fear and suspicion
2 yrs - Autonomy vs doubt - will and independence,- inadequacy, shame and doubt
3 to 5 years - initiative vs guilt - purpose, self confidence - guilt, inadequacy
6 to 12 years - Industry vs inferiority - pride and competence - Inferiority
12 to 18 years - Identity vs Role confusion - fidelity - confusion, rebellion, unhappiness
18 to 40 years - Intimacy vs isolation - love - isolation and unhappiness
40 to 65 years - Generativity vs Stagnation - care - stagnation and unproductive
65 years and up - Integrity vs Despair - wisdom - despair and dissatisfaction
What are fixations and how do they impact personality?
Fixations are unresolved conflicts at any stage of development that can result in certain personality traits or behaviors in adulthood. For example, oral fixation can lead to behaviors like smoking or overeating.
Discuss Cognitive development theory according to Jean Piaget
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years):
Focus: Learning about the world through senses and motor actions.
Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years):
Focus: Development of symbolic thought and language.
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years Old):
Focus: Development of logical thinking and mental operations.
Formal Operational Stage (11 Years and Up):
Focus: Development of abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
Discuss Moral development theory by Lawrence Kohlberg
Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality (Ages 4-10) Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience: Focus on avoiding punishment and getting rewards. Morality is based on external authority figures. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: Moral reasoning is centered around fairness and reciprocity. “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”
Level 2: Conventional Morality (Early Adolescence to Adulthood) Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation: Focus on conforming to social expectations and gaining approval from others. “What will people think of me?” Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order: Emphasis on upholding the law and social order to maintain a functioning society.
Level 3: Post-conventional Morality (Adulthood) Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation: Moral reasoning based on universal principles of justice and fairness, even if they conflict with social norms. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation: Guided by internalized ethical principles and a sense of personal conscience, even if they require defying laws or social norms.
Discuss Ecological systems theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner) and the importance
Core Tenets - Development is a lifelong process - The environment matter- Multiple layers of influence
The Five Environmental Systems:
1. Microsystem (Immediate Environment
2. Mesosystem (Interrelationships between Microsystems):
3. Exosystem (Indirect Influences
4. Macrosystem (Cultural Context)
5. Chronosystem (Time and Transitions)
Discuss Attachment theory (John Bowlby)
Core Concepts - Internal Working Models - Attachment Styles like Secure Attachment -
Anxious Attachment - Avoidant Attachment - Disorganized Attachment
What is the Significance of Attachment:
Emotional Regulation:
Social Development:
Mental Health
