Part 135

Question 1

1. What type of manual is a Part 135 certificate holder required to provide and maintain?
   (14 CFR 135.21)

Answer 1

Each certificate holder shall prepare and keep current, a manual setting forth the procedures and policies acceptable to the administrator. The manual must be used by the certificate holder’s maintenance, flight, and ground personnel in conducting operations.
The certificate holder shall maintain at least one copy of the manual at its principal base of operations. A copy of the manual, or appropriate portions of the manual
(and changes and additions) shall be made available to maintenance and ground operations personnel as well as a copy to its flight crewmembers and representatives of the administrator assigned to the certificate
holder.

Question 2

2. What do the regulations state concerning the preparation and storage of load manifests?
   (14 CFR 135.63)

Answer 2

Each certificate holder is responsible for the preparation and accuracy of a load manifest in duplicate containing information concerning the loading of the aircraft. The certificate holder shall keep copies of completed load manifests for at least 30 days at its principal operations base, or at another location used by it and approved by the Administrator.

Question 3

3. What are the regulations concerning reporting mechanical irregularities? (14 CFR 135.65)

Answer 3

a. Each certificate holder shall provide an aircraft maintenance log to be carried on board each aircraft for recording or deferring mechanical irregularities and their correction.

b. The pilot-in-command shall enter or have entered in the aircraft maintenance log each mechanical irregularity that comes to the pilot’s attention during flight time. Before each flight, the pilot-in- command shall determine the status of each irregularity entered in the maintenance log at the end of the preceding flight (if such information is not already known).

c. Each person who takes corrective action or defers action concerning a reported or observed failure or malfunction, shall record the action taken in the aircraft maintenance log.

d. Copies of the aircraft maintenance log will be maintained in the aircraft for access by appropriate personnel.

Question 4

4. Which persons may be carried aboard an aircraft without complying with the passenger carrying requirements
   of 14 CFR Part 135? (14 CFR 135.85)

Answer 4

a. Acrewmember or other employee of the certificate holder.

b. A person necessary for the safe handling of animals on the aircraft.

c. A person necessary for the safe handling of hazardous materials.

d. A person performing duty as a security or honor guard accompanying a shipment made by or under the authority of the U.S. government.

e. A military courier or a military route supervisor carried by a military cargo contract air carrier or
commercial operator in operations under a military cargo contract, if that carriage is specifically authorized by the appropriate military service.

f. An authorized representative of the Administrator conducting an enroute inspection.

g. A person, authorized by the Administrator, who is performing a duty connected with a cargo operation of the certificate holder.

h. A DOD commercial air carrier evaluator conducting an en route evaluation.

Question 5

5. What are the regulations concerning carriage of cargo (including carry-on baggage) in or on the aircraft? (14
   CFR 135.87)

Answer 5

No person may carry cargo, including carry-on baggage, in or on any aircraft unless it is carried in an approved cargo rack, bin, or compartment installed in or on the aircraft and it is secured by an approved means.

Question 6

6. What are the pilot oxygen requirements? (14 CFR 135.89)

Answer 6

Unpressurized aircraft—at altitudes above 10,000 feet through 12,000 feet MSL for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration and at altitudes above 12,000 feet MSL, each pilot must use oxygen continuously.

Pressurized aircraft—use of supplemental oxygen as follows:

+ Above 12,000 feet cabin pressure altitude—pilot at controls must use oxygen continuously.

+ Above FL250—if one pilot leaves duty station, remaining pilot shall use oxygen.

+ Through FL350—maximum altitude without one pilot wearing and using oxygen mask (if quick- donning oxygen mask available).

• Above FL350—at least one pilot shall wear a secured and sealed oxygen mask (quick-donning type).

Question 7

7. What is the minimum passenger-seating configuration that requires a second-in-command? (14 CFR 135.99)

Answer 7

If the aircraft has a passenger-seating configuration of 10 seats or more (excluding any pilot seat), a SIC is required.

Question 8

8. Can a pilot log second-in-command flight time in a multi-engine airplane in a Part 135 operation that does not
   require a second-in-command? (14 CFR 135.99)

Answer 8

Yes. A certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under instrument flight rules may receive authorization from the Administrator through its operations specifications to establish an SIC professional development program.

As part of that program, a pilot employed by the certificate holder may log time as SIC in operations conducted under Part 135 and Part 91 that do not require a second pilot by type
certification of the aircraft or the regulation under which the flight is being conducted, provided the flight operation is conducted in accordance with the certificate holder’s operations specifications for SIC professional development program.

Question 9

9. What passenger-seating configuration (excluding any pilot seat) requires a flight attendant crewmember to be
   on board? (14 CFR 135.107)

Answer 9

No certificate holder may operate an aircraft that has a passenger-seating configuration of more than 19 (excluding any pilot seat), unless there is a flight attendant crewmember on board the aircraft.

Question 10

10. Before each takeoff, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft carrying passengers shall ensure that all passengers have been orally briefed on what information? (14 CFR 135.117)

Answer 10

The PIC shall ensure that all have been orally briefed on smoking, the use of safety belts, the placement of seat backs in an upright position before takeoff and landing, location and means for opening the passenger entry door and emergency exits, location of survival equipment, ditching procedures and the use of required
flotation equipment (if the flight involves extended overwater operation), the normal and emergency use of oxygen (if the flight involves operations above 12,000 feet MSL), and the location and operation of fire
extinguishers.

Question 11

11. What aircraft, operating under Part 135, are required to have a third gyroscopic bank and pitch indicator installed?
    (14 CFR 135.149)

Answer 11

Turbojet airplanes. In addition to two gyroscopic bank and pitch indicators (artificial horizons) for use at the pilot stations, a third artificial horizon indicator must also be installed. It must be powered from a source independent of the electrical generating system, be capable of reliable operation for a minimum of

30 minutes after total failure of the electrical generating system, and operate independently of any other
attitude indicating system.

Question 12

12. Which aircraft must be equipped with an approved public address and crewmember interphone system? (14
    CFR 135.150)

Answer 12

No person may operate an aircraft having a passenger-seating configuration of more than 19 (excluding any pilot seat), unless it is equipped with a public address system and a crewmember interphone system.

Question 13

13. What aircraft are required to have an approved cockpit voice recorder on board? (14 CFR 135.151)

Answer 13

A multi-engine, turbine-powered airplane or rotorcraft having a passenger-seating configuration of six or more and for which two pilots are required by certification or operating rules or that has a passenger seating
configuration of 20 or more.

Question 14

14. In which airplanes are Class A TAWS required? (14 CFR 135.154)

Answer 14

No person may operate a turbine-powered U.S.-registered airplane configured with six to nine passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat, unless that airplane is equipped with an approved TAWS that meets the requirements of Class B equipment of TSO-C15 1a. It also states that no person may operate a turbine- powered U.S.-registered airplane configured with 10 or more passenger seats, excluding any pilot seat,
unless that airplane is equipped with a TAWS that meets the provisions of Class A equipment of TSO-C15 1a.

Question 15

15. What are the passenger oxygen requirements? (14 CFR 135.157)

Answer 15

Unpressurized aircraft—above 15,000 feet MSL, all passengers must be supplied with oxygen.

Above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, 10 percent of passengers must be supplied with oxygen for any part of flight of more than 30 minutes at those altitudes.

Pressurized aircraft—above 15,000 feet MSL, the oxygen requirement depends on the aircraft’s ability to descend safely to an altitude of 15,000 feet MSL in 4 minutes.

If the aircraft can safely descend to 15,000 feet MSL within four minutes, only a 30-minute supply is required.

Question 16

16. What is the required emergency equipment for extended overwater operations? (14 CFR 135.167)

Answer 16

For extended overwater operations (greater than 50 NM from nearest shoreline)—each seated occupant (not just passengers) must have:
a. Life preservers within easy reach and with approved survivor locator light.
b. Enough approved life rafts (to accommodate the occupants of the aircraft) which will include at least one approved survivor locator light, one approved pyrotechnic signaling device and additional equipment as
specified in §135.167.

c. One raft must have a survival-type emergency locator transmitter.

Question 17

17. In which aircraft, or under what conditions, is airborne thunderstorm detection equipment required? (14 CFR 135.173)

Answer 17

No person may operate an aircraft that has a passenger-seating configuration, of 10 seats or more (excluding any pilot seat) in passenger carrying operations, except a helicopter operating under day VER conditions,
unless the aircraft is equipped with either approved thunderstorm detection equipment or approved airborne weather radar equipment.

Question 18

18. What are the emergency equipment requirements for aircraft having a passenger-seating configuration of more than 19 passengers? (14 CFR 135.177)

Answer 18

No person may operate an aircraft having a passenger-seating configuration of more than 19 seats (excluding any pilot seat), unless it is equipped with the following emergency equipment:

a. One approved first aid kit for treatment of injuries likely to occur in flight or in a minor accident.

b. A crash axe carried to be accessible to the crew but inaccessible to passengers during normal operations.

c. Signs that are visible to all occupants to notify them when smoking is prohibited and when safety belts must be fastened.

Question 19

19. To operate an aircraft with certain equipment inoperative under the provisions of a MEL, what document authorizing it must be issued to the certificate holder? (14 CFR 135.179)

Answer 19

No person may takeoff an aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment installed unless an approved MEL exists for that aircraft and the certificate-holding district office has issued the certificate holder operations specifications authorizing operations in accordance with an approved MEL.

Question 20

20. A takeoff may not be made from an airport that is below the authorized IFR landing minimums unless what conditions are met?
    (14 CFR 135.217)

Answer 20

There must be an alternate airport with the required IFR landing minimums within 1 hour flying time, at normal cruising speed in still air.

Question 21

21. What weather must be forecast to exist at ETA for the destination airport, before a pilot may begin an IFR operation to that airport? (14 CFR 135.219)

Answer 21

No person may takeoff an aircraft under IFR or begin an IFR or over the top operation unless the latest weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that weather conditions at the estimated time of arrival at the next airport of intended landing will be at or above authorized IFR landing minimums.

Question 22

22. When is an alternate for a destination airport not required for a Part 135 flight operating in IFR conditions?
    (14 CFR 135.223)

Answer 22

No alternate airport is required if a standard instrument approach procedure for the first airport of intended landing is provided and, for at least one hour before and after the estimated time of arrival, the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that:

a. The ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest circling approach MDA; or

b. If a circling instrument approach is not authorized for the airport, the ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest published minimum or 2,000 feet above the airport elevation, whichever is higher; and

c. Visibility for that airport is forecast to be at least 3 miles, or 2 miles more than the lowest applicable visibility minimums, whichever is the greater, for the instrument approach procedure to be used at the destination airport.

Question 23

23. An instrument approach procedure to an airport may not be initiated unless the latest weather report indicates what minimum weather conditions? (14 CFR 135.225)

Answer 23

The weather report issued by the weather reporting facility at that airport must indicate that weather conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums for that airport.

Note: A pilot may begin an LAP, or continue an approach, at an airport when the visibility is reported to be less than the visibility minimums prescribed for that procedure if the pilot uses an operable enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) in accordance with §91.176 and the certificate holder’s operations specifications for
EFVS operations.

Question 24

24. After beginning the final approach segment of an instrument approach procedure, a weather report is received indicating the visibility is below prescribed minimums. What action should be taken?

Answer 24

The pilot may continue the approach only if, on reaching the authorized MDA, the pilot finds that the actual weather conditions are at or above the minimums prescribed for the procedure being used.

Note: A pilot may begin an IAP, or continue an approach, at an airport when the visibility is reported to

be less than the visibility minimums prescribed for that procedure if the pilot uses an operable EFVS in accordance with §91.176 and the certificate holder’s operations specifications for EFVS operations.

Question 25

25. What are the operational requirements concerning frost, ice, and snow on aircraft surfaces during takeoff?
    (14 CFR 135.227)

Answer 25

Except under certain conditions, no pilot may takeoff an aircraft that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface, to a powerplant installation, or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate-of-climb, flight attitude instrument system, or wing.

Question 26

26. To act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft during IFR operations under Part 135, what minimum experience is
    required? (14 CFR 135.243)

Answer 26

The PIC must hold at least a commercial pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings and, if required, an appropriate type rating for that aircraft. The PIC must also have 1,200 hours flight time as a pilot including:

a. 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
b. 100 hours of night time; and
c. 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time, at least 50 hours of which were in actual flight.
d. Hold an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating.

Question 27

27. What are the operating experience requirements that must be met before a pilot may act as PIC of an aircraft operated by a commuter air carrier in passenger-carrying operations? (14 CFR 135.244)

Answer 27

The PIC must have completed the following operating experience in each make and basic model of aircraft to be flown:

+ Single-engine—10 hours.

+ Multi-engine, reciprocating—15 hours.

+ Multi-engine, turbine-powered—20 hours.
- Turbojet-powered—25 hours.

Note: Hours of operating experience may be reduced to not less than 50 percent of hours required by the substitution of one additional takeoff and landing for each hour of flight.

Question 28

28. What are the flight time limitation and rest requirements for Part 135 scheduled operations? (14 CFR 135.265)

Answer 28

No certificate holder may schedule any flight crewmember, and no flight crewmember may accept an assignment, for flight time in scheduled operations or in other commercial flying if that crewmember’s total
flight time in all commercial flying will exceed:

a. 1,200 hours in any calendar year.

b. 120 hours in any calendar month.

c. 34 hours in any 7 consecutive days.

d. 8 hours during any 24 consecutive hours for a flight crew consisting of one pilot.

e. 8 hours between required rest periods for a flight crew consisting of two pilots qualified under Part 135 for the operation being conducted.

Question 29

29. What are the instrument proficiency check requirements to act as pilot-in-command under IFR?
    (14 CFR 135.297)

Answer 29

No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a PIC of an aircraft under IFR unless, since the beginning of the sixth calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed an instrument proficiency check under this section administered by the Administrator or an authorized check pilot.

Question 30

30. To serve as pilot-in-command in a Part 135 IFR operation, a person must have passed a line check. How often are line checks required?
    (14 CFR 135.299)

Answer 30

No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a PIC of a flight unless, since the beginning of the twelfth calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed a flight check in one of the types of aircraft which that pilot is to fly.

Question 31

31. What type of emergency training must a certificate holder provide to flight crews operating above FL250?
    (14 CFR 135.331)

Answer 31

Emergency training in such subjects as:

a. Respiration.

b. Hypoxia.

c. Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen at altitudes.
d. Gas expansion.

e. Gas bubble formation.

f. Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression.

Question 32

32. What are the training requirements for persons involved in the handling or carriage of hazardous materials?
    (14 CFR 135.505)

Answer 32

No certificate holder may use any crewmember or person to perform any of the job functions or direct supervisory responsibilities, and no person may perform any of the job functions or direct supervisory responsibilities, unless that person has satisfactorily completed the certificate holder’s FAA-approved initial or recurrent hazardous materials training program within the past 24 months.