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Grade 10 Biology > Part 1.1 Cells > Flashcards

Part 1.1 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.

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2
Q

Microscopy

A

The science of using microscopes to view samples.

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3
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is a basic unit of life.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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4
Q

Organelle

A

A specialized structure in a cell.

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where the energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities.

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

They help produce proteins (makes up most of the cell structure) and required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival. Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the E.R.

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of membrane-covered channels that transport proteins/carbohydrates to another organelle made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus.

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8
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage system of the cell; contains water and other materials, transports small molecules. Plant cells: large, Animal cells: small

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life supporting materials inside the cell such as sugar, water- all contained by the cell membrane.

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10
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Separates the internal organs of the cell from the external environment; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls all cell activities, responsible for Mitosis.

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes which produces proteins.

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13
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allows materials in and out of the nucleus.

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14
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Protects the contents of the nucleus

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell.

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

(plant only) Traps the Sun’s energy to help the production of glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria - animals must get glucose from the food they eat.

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17
Q

Cell Wall

A

Tough, rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell’s membrane; provides support for the cell.

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18
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane-covered sacs that transport and store materials inside the cell and also helps these materials cross the cell membrane

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19
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The filaments and tubules are the framework of the cell and helps it maintain its structure and provides “tracks” that the organelles can use to move.

20
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + energy (C6H12O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O + energy)

21
Q

DNA

A

Material in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information. This makes the chromosome.

22
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that controls protein production.

23
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix shape with nitrogenous bases and a phosphate-sugar back bone.

24
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar+Phosphate+One base

25
Q

Chromosome

A

In the cell nucleus; thread like structure mostly made of DNA.

26
Q

Cloning

A

The process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism

27
Q

Mutation

A

The change in the usual order of the adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine building blocks by chance or mutagens.This can affect protein by altering how well it does its job. Some can affect a few cells while others are passed between generations.

28
Q

Mutagen

A

Forces for substances that can cause a mutation in DNA by damaging it. (ex. electromagnetic rays: x-rays, UV rays, tar in cigarettes ). The mutagens that are not harmful do not affect the genetic part of DNA. Some mutations help the organism adapt to a new environment. (bacteria-resist antibiotics).

29
Q

Cell Cycle

A

A continuous sequence of cell growth and division, including the stages of inter-phase, mitosis and cytokineses.

30
Q

Interphase

A

Not part of mitosis; it consists of G1 (Gap 1)-rapid cell growth and preparation, S (Synthesis)-DNA replication where sister chromatids paired, G2 (Gap 2)- Continued growth and preparation for mitosis. Longest part of the cell cycle.

31
Q

Mitosis

A

The process where duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts to make new cells.

32
Q

Prophase

A

Process where the sister chromatids condense, the nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles start migrating to the poles and shoot out astral rays which were part of the cytoskeleton.

33
Q

Metaphase

A

Process where the pairs of sister chromatids start to allign in the equatorial plate and the astral rays connect to the centromeres of the pairs.

34
Q

Anaphase

A

Process where the astral rays start to shorten and pull the two sister chromatids apart to the opposite ends of the cells from the centromeres.

35
Q

Telophase

A

End of the mitosis process where two daughter nuclei and nucleoli reappears. The astral rays begins to disappear and the chromosome starts to uncoil and becomes harder to see. The division of one nucleus into two are complete.

36
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Not a part of mitosis that comes after the telophase; start of a new cell cycle where the two nuclei are separated to form two daughter cells. In a plant cell, the vesicles line up which forms a cell plate. The cell membrane appears inside.

37
Q

Centrioles

A

Microtubule rings; two centrioles make the centrosomes. During the mitosis phases, they shoot out astral rays to connect with the centromeres of the chromosomes.

38
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

There is only one parent which divides into two new cells. The daughter cells and the genes that are contained are identical.

39
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents mate and the offspring receive half of their genes from each parent. Although the offspring may share genetic material, they are not identical.

40
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from areas of higher to lower concentrations. Ex. teabag in hot water

41
Q

Osmosis

A

Spontaneous movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from areas of high to low concentration.

42
Q

Cancer

A

cells with abnormal genetic material that are dividing uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts.

43
Q

Carcinogen

A

A substance capable of causing cancer in a living tissue. Ex. tobacco, tobacco smoke and pesticides

44
Q

Malignant Tumour

A

An abnormal clump or group of cells that are mostly cancerous and are made up of cells that cause abnormal growth that can break away from the cancer site, travel through the bloodstream and grow in ta bone or other organs.

45
Q

Benign Tumour

A

An abnormal clump or group of cells that are not cancerous. They can be easily removed, do not come back, or spread to other body parts.

46
Q

Prokaryote

A

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Grade 10 Biology (2 decks)

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