Part 1.1 Cells Flashcards
Cell
The smallest unit that can perform the functions of life.
Microscopy
The science of using microscopes to view samples.
The Cell Theory
- All living organisms are made of one or more cells.
- The cell is a basic unit of life.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Organelle
A specialized structure in a cell.
Mitochondria
Where the energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities.
Ribosome
They help produce proteins (makes up most of the cell structure) and required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival. Found in the cytoplasm or attached to the E.R.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membrane-covered channels that transport proteins/carbohydrates to another organelle made in the cell; is connected to the nucleus.
Vacuole
Storage system of the cell; contains water and other materials, transports small molecules. Plant cells: large, Animal cells: small
Cytoplasm
Includes the cytosol, the organelles, and other life supporting materials inside the cell such as sugar, water- all contained by the cell membrane.
Cell Membrane
Separates the internal organs of the cell from the external environment; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
Nucleus
Controls all cell activities, responsible for Mitosis.
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes which produces proteins.
Nuclear Pores
Allows materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nuclear Membrane
Protects the contents of the nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell.
Chloroplast
(plant only) Traps the Sun’s energy to help the production of glucose, which is broken down in the mitochondria - animals must get glucose from the food they eat.
Cell Wall
Tough, rigid structure lying just outside a plant cell’s membrane; provides support for the cell.
Vesicles
Membrane-covered sacs that transport and store materials inside the cell and also helps these materials cross the cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
The filaments and tubules are the framework of the cell and helps it maintain its structure and provides “tracks” that the organelles can use to move.
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + energy (C6H12O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O + energy)
DNA
Material in the cell nucleus that contains genetic information. This makes the chromosome.
Gene
A segment of DNA that controls protein production.
DNA structure
Double helix shape with nitrogenous bases and a phosphate-sugar back bone.
Nucleotide
Sugar+Phosphate+One base
Chromosome
In the cell nucleus; thread like structure mostly made of DNA.
Cloning
The process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism
Mutation
The change in the usual order of the adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine building blocks by chance or mutagens.This can affect protein by altering how well it does its job. Some can affect a few cells while others are passed between generations.
Mutagen
Forces for substances that can cause a mutation in DNA by damaging it. (ex. electromagnetic rays: x-rays, UV rays, tar in cigarettes ). The mutagens that are not harmful do not affect the genetic part of DNA. Some mutations help the organism adapt to a new environment. (bacteria-resist antibiotics).
Cell Cycle
A continuous sequence of cell growth and division, including the stages of inter-phase, mitosis and cytokineses.
Interphase
Not part of mitosis; it consists of G1 (Gap 1)-rapid cell growth and preparation, S (Synthesis)-DNA replication where sister chromatids paired, G2 (Gap 2)- Continued growth and preparation for mitosis. Longest part of the cell cycle.
Mitosis
The process where duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts to make new cells.
Prophase
Process where the sister chromatids condense, the nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles start migrating to the poles and shoot out astral rays which were part of the cytoskeleton.
Metaphase
Process where the pairs of sister chromatids start to allign in the equatorial plate and the astral rays connect to the centromeres of the pairs.
Anaphase
Process where the astral rays start to shorten and pull the two sister chromatids apart to the opposite ends of the cells from the centromeres.
Telophase
End of the mitosis process where two daughter nuclei and nucleoli reappears. The astral rays begins to disappear and the chromosome starts to uncoil and becomes harder to see. The division of one nucleus into two are complete.
Cytokinesis
Not a part of mitosis that comes after the telophase; start of a new cell cycle where the two nuclei are separated to form two daughter cells. In a plant cell, the vesicles line up which forms a cell plate. The cell membrane appears inside.
Centrioles
Microtubule rings; two centrioles make the centrosomes. During the mitosis phases, they shoot out astral rays to connect with the centromeres of the chromosomes.
Asexual Reproduction
There is only one parent which divides into two new cells. The daughter cells and the genes that are contained are identical.
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents mate and the offspring receive half of their genes from each parent. Although the offspring may share genetic material, they are not identical.
Diffusion
Movement of particles from areas of higher to lower concentrations. Ex. teabag in hot water
Osmosis
Spontaneous movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from areas of high to low concentration.
Cancer
cells with abnormal genetic material that are dividing uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts.
Carcinogen
A substance capable of causing cancer in a living tissue. Ex. tobacco, tobacco smoke and pesticides
Malignant Tumour
An abnormal clump or group of cells that are mostly cancerous and are made up of cells that cause abnormal growth that can break away from the cancer site, travel through the bloodstream and grow in ta bone or other organs.
Benign Tumour
An abnormal clump or group of cells that are not cancerous. They can be easily removed, do not come back, or spread to other body parts.
Prokaryote
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