Part 107 Flashcards
> 0.55lbs
Drone over this weight must be registered
> 13 yrs
Anyone over this age can register drone
400 (AGL)
Max height to fly (includes above buildings). Deviations must be reported if it becomes public knowledge
AGL = above ground level
500ft
The distance you must fl below clouds
2,000 ft
Horizontal distance you must fly away from clouds or guy wires
100mph
Max speed of all drones
3SM
Visibility requirement to fly, 3 (S)statue (M)miles
8hours
Time without alcohol.
0.04
BAC required to fly
1yr
Period after final conviction before you can fly…
30
Minutes after/before sunset/sunrise you can legally fly
$500
Minimum damage for FAA report, does not include drone damage.
10
Days to file report of damage.
Class A Airspace
18,000’
Class B
Major airports
Wedding cake shaped
Class C
Smaller airports ie: ILM
Class D
No tower
Radio
CTAF Multicom - 122.9 or 122.95 Unicom FSS AWOS -weather broadcast
Radio Speak
Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whisky, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu
Stalls
Wing exceeds critical angle of attack.
ie: banking increases stall speed
Load Factor
Increases during turns.
ie: increased angle =increased LF
33lbs @30degrees is approx 38LF (*see table)
Center of Gravity
Will be suggested that it’s in the nonexistent UAV flight manual.
Sectional Charts
Legend
Given at the test. Very important in the airport data section of exam
Sectional Charts
Airspace Map
MSL = elevation Above Seal Level
Red flags used by planes as beacons
Sectional Charts
Prohibited Areas
DO NOT FLY
ie: camp David
Sectional Charts
Restricted Airspace
Check charts
ie: military bases
Sectional Charts
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Where the military practice maneuvers
Sectional Charts
Military Training Routes
Abbrev… MTR VFR IR VR
ie: VR1667
Sectional Charts
Latitude
Measures N/S
0-degrees @ equator, numbers increase from there
Tick marks are measured in minutes (1, 5, 10)
Sectional Charts
Longitude
Measures E/W
Increases moving LEFT/WEST
Sectional Charts
True North
Actual North
Sectional Charts
Magnetic North
Not always north…
Sectional Charts
Airports
ILLEGAL TO FLY!
Sectional Charts
Runway Patterns
Take off/Land into wind
Airplanes always circle LEFT after takeoff (Helicopters Right)
Sectional Charts
Runway Markings
Runway 9 = 90deg or EAST
Runway 13 = 130deg or SE
*** 0-deg = NORTH
90deg = EAST
180deg = SOUTH
270deg = WEST
Necessary Documents
- User manual (not provided)
- Maintenance schedule (make your own if not available)
- Sectional Charts to refer for airspace etc
- Chart supplement includes more detail for SC
- Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) 1800WXBRIEF.com
- Meteorlogical Aviation Report (METAR) or Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) for weather
Weather
Density Altitude
Higher altitude = low density
Lower altitude = high density
-drone will not operate/fly as well at higher altitudes.
Weather
Front
Divides weather patterns
Weather
Wind Shear
Sudden change in wind speed at any altitude
Weather
Structural Icing
Rain or cloud and zero degrees C or colder
Weather
Thunderstorm Life Cycle
- Cumulus - TS begins
- Mature - dangerous
- Dissipating - downdrafts occur
Weather
Humidity
Less visibility and performance
Weather
Unstable Air
Hot and humid most unstable
Weather
Turbulence
Unstable and Humid (moist), SHOWERY
Weather
Stable Air
Poor visibility and steady rain (drizzle)
Weather
Nimbus
Big heavy clouds
Weather
Stratus
High whisky clouds
TEAM
Visual Observer
(VO) necessary for FPV droning
TEAM
Remote Pilot in Command
(RPIC or PIC)
Responsible for everything!
TEAM
Crew Resource Management
(CRM)
Integrated into all aspects of flight
RISK
Hyperventilation
Breathing too much = excess of oxygen
RISK
Alcohol
BAD IDEA
RISK
Hangover
Still considered under the influence
RISK
Fatigue
Not enough sleep or exhaustion
BAD
RISK
Scanning the Sky
Looking around systematically
RISK
Macho
Showing off
RISK
Impulsivity
Lack of planning
RISK
Invulnerable
“…it won’t happen to me”
RISK
Resognation
“…doesn’t matter what I do…” or “it’s in god’s hands”
RISK
Anti-authority
“I do what I want, don’t tell me what to do”
Class E Airspace
Most of the US
Sectional charts refer to E
CEILING at 14,500 ft MSL
FLOOR at 1,200 ft AGL
MOST CASES ATC permission not required
Class G Airspace
No ATC permission required
1,200 ft and lower
Special Use Airspace
Airspace in which certain activities must be confined, limitations on non participants
Special Use Airspace
Airspace in which certain activities must be confined, limitations on non participants.
Usually custody of:
Prohibited Areas
Restricted Areas
Warning Areas
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Alert Areas
Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs)
Restricted Areas
Artillery firing, aerial gunnery, guided missiles
Alert Areas
Depicted by an “A”
High volume of pilot training
Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
Local airport advisories
Automated weather reporting with voice broadcasting
Continuous Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)
Automated Weather Observing Station
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
Military aircraft
Below 10,000ft MSL
IFR(IR) & VFR(VR)
Below 1500ft AGL are designated by 4 number characters (IR1206)
Above 1500ft AGL are designated by 3 number characters (IR206)
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFRs)
Designated by a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) and begins with phase “FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS”
Purpose of est TFRs:
1. Protect persons and property
2. Provide safe environment for disaster relief aircraft
3. Prevent unsafe congestion of sightseeing aircraft
4. Protect National Parks and humanitarian reasons in HI
5. Protect the president, etc
6. Pricier safe environment for space agency operations
Published VFR Routes
VFR Routes to navigate complex airspace (around, under, or through)
Surface Aviation Weather Observations
Weather at individual ground stations across US.
Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS)
Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS)
Aviation Weather Reports
METAR -
1. Type of report
2. Station Identifier
3. Date of Report
4. Modifier
5. Wind
6. Visibility
7. Weather
8. Sky Condition
9. Temp and Dew Point
10. Altimeter Setting
11. Zulu time
12. Remarks
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts
Valid for a 24-30hrs
Updated 4 times a day (0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z)
(TAF)
1. Type of report
2. ICAO station identifier
3. Date and time of origin
4. Valid period dates and times
5. Forecast wind
6. Forecast visibility
7. Forecast significant weather
8. Forecast Sky condition
9. Forecast change group
10. PROB30- Given percentage probability of t-storms
Density Altitude
Affected by changes in altitude, temperature, and humidity.
Density of air increases (lower density altitude), aircraft performance increases.
“ “ decreases (higher density altitude) aircraft performance decreases
Pressure on Density
Directly proportional
Temperature on Density
Varies inversely
Moisture on Density
It is lightest or least dense with maximum amount of water vapor
Climb performance factors
Weight produces a 2-fold effect on climb performance. Increase in altitude also increases the power required and decreases the power available. Diminishes with altitude
Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure
Standard sea level pressure 29.92”Hg
Standard temperature of 59F (15C)
1”Hg per 1000ft of elevation
Effects of Obstructions on Wind
The intensity of turbulence associated with the ground obstructions depends on the size of the obstacle and the primary velocity of the wind.
Low- Level Wind Shear
Sudden or drastic change in wind speed and/ or direction over a very small area.
- passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, temperature inversions, and strong upper level winds.
Possible at any height
Stability
Depends on weather characteristics.
Stable Air:
Stratiform clouds and fog
Continuous precipitation
Smooth air
Fair to poor visibility
Fronts
Zone between 2 different air masses.
Temp, humidity, and wind often change rapidly over small distances.
Thunderstorm Life Cycle
- Cumulus - every t-storm is a cumulus, can exceed 3000ft per minute growth rate
- Mature - rain begins to fall
- Dissipating - storm dies rapidly
Ceiling
Lowest level of clouds
Visibility
Greatest horizontal distance at which prominent objects can be viewed with the naked eye
Weight
Pulling force that tends to draw all bodies to the center of the earth
RISK Fatigue
Timing disruption - timing is slightly off
Disruption of perceptual field - tunnel vision, ignoring periphery
RISK Dehydration
Critical loss of water from the body.
Headache, fatigue, cramps, sleepiness, and dizziness
RISK Drugs
Illegal, OTC, and prescription can cause impairment
Aeronautical Decision Making
(ADM)
Critical to safe operation and accident avoidance
Steps:
1. Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to a safe flight
2. Learning behavior modification techniques
3. Learning how to recognize and cope with stress
4. Developing risk assessment skills
5. Using all resources
6. Evaluating the effectiveness of one’s ADM skills
Risk Management
- Identify Hazzards
- Assess Risks
- Analyze controls
- Make control decisions
- Use controls
- Monitor results
PAVE Checklist
(P) Pilot in Command
(A) Aircraft
(V) EnViroment - weather, terrain, airspace
(E) External pressures - ex. SHOWING OFF
3Ps
- Perceive - the given circumstances for a flight
- Process- evaluate impact for safe flight
- Perform - implement best course of action
Types of Airports
2 types: towered and non-towered
Civil Airports - Airports open to the public
Military/ Federal Government Airports - operated by military or government agencies
Private Airports - private or restricted use, not open to the general public
Non-towered Airports
Does not have an operating tower
Sources for Airport Data
- Aeronautical Charts
- Chart Supplement US
- Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs)
- Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Chart Supplement US
Provides most comprehensive information on a given resort
Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)
Time critical aeronautical information of a temporary nature
Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
A recording of the local weather conditions and other pertinent non- control information broadcast on a local frequency in a looped format
Aeronautical Charts
… road map for pilots
2 types:
1. Sectional
2. VFR termination area
