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chemistry shiz to git gud > part 1: The only part > Flashcards

part 1: The only part Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homologous series

A

Homologous series: ‘family’ of similar compounds with
similar properties due to the presence of the same
functional group.

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2
Q

Characteristics of a homologous series

A

all the compounds fit the same general formula
the chain length increases by 1 each time
as the chain gets longer, the compounds show a
gradual change in properties

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3
Q

structural isomers

A

have the same chemical formula, but

different structures, they can be straight or branched

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4
Q

Fuels to know:

A

Coal
Natural gas: main constituent is methane
Petroleum: a mixture of hydrocarbons which can be
separated into fractions

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5
Q

Uses of Petroleum Fractions

A

Refinery gas: bottled gas for heating and cooking
Gasoline fraction: fuel (petrol) in cars
Naphtha fraction: making chemicals
Kerosene/paraffin fraction: jet fuel, lamps
Diesel oil/gas oil fraction: fuel in diesel engines
Fuel oil fraction: fuel in ships and home heating systems
Lubricating fraction: lubricants, waxes and polishes
Bitumen: making roads

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6
Q

Name of Compounds

A 
Name ending → compound-type name
“ane” → alkane
“ene” → alkene
“ol” → alcohol
“oic acid” → carboxylic acid
“yl”, “oate” → ester
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7
Q

Alkanes General formula

A

General formula = CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What does each carbon atom in an alkene have

A

Each carbon atoms in an alkene has four covalent single

bonds – this makes them quite unreactive.

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9
Q

Complete combustion

A

Complete combustion: enough oxygen supply so water
and carbon dioxide form.

eg: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

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10
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Incomplete: is not enough oxygen to burn them cleanly
so either carbon monoxide and water or carbon and
water form.

e.g. CH4 + O2 → C + 2H2O

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11
Q

what is chlorine substitution

A

Sunlight or light is necessary
A chlorine atom replaces a hydrogen atom
This can happen to all hydrogen atoms if there is enough
chlorine.

eg: CH4 + Cl2 → (light) → HCl + CH3Cl / CH2Cl2 / CHCl3 /
CCl4

Compounds = chloromethane / di/tri/tetrachloromethane

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12
Q

Alkenes formula

A

General formula = CnH2n

Functional group: C=C bond

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13
Q

what is cracking

A

Thermal decomposition reaction, in which an alkene
(and sometimes hydrogen) are produced from an
alkane.
Cracking always produces short chain compound with a
C=C bond
e.g. Cracking of ethane will give ethene and hydrogen

Butane → Ethane + Ethene ; C4H10 → C2H6 + C2H

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14
Q

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS properties

A 
Have NO double bonds
Do not react with
aqueous bromine, so
the mixture stays
orange.
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15
Q

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS properties

A 
Have double bonds
React with aqueous
bromine, turning the
mixture from orange to
colourless.
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16
Q

What is addition polymerisation

A

A polymer is a compound with very long carbon chains
made up of monomer units.
Poly(ethene) / Polythene: is a polymer produced from
ethene by addition polymerization

Double bond splits and polymer is formed

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17
Q

Alkenes’ Addition Reactions With bromine:

A

With bromine (the test for saturation) e.g. ethene (g) + bromine (aq) → 1,2 dibromomethane (l)

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18
Q

Alkenes addition reactions with steam

A

With steam: forms alcohols with heat, pressure and a
catalyst
e.g. ethene (g) + steam (g) ⇌ ethanol (l)

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19
Q

Alkenes addition reactions with hydrogen

A

With hydrogen: double bond breaks down to for an
alkane with heat, pressure and a catalyst
e.g. ethene (g) + hydrogen (g) → ethane (g)

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20
Q

what is ethanol used as

A

Ethanol is used as a:
Solvent: to dissolve things than water cannot.
Evaporates easily, so used as solvent in glues, printing
inks & perfumes
Fuel: added to or instead of petrol, because it burns
cleanly

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21
Q

Carboxylic Acids formula

A

General formula = CnH2n+1COOH

Functional group: COOH

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22
Q

Properties of Ethanoic Acid

A

Weak acid with high pH and low dissociation
Formed by:
o Oxidation of ethanol
o With acidified potassium mangenate (VII)

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23
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to give esters

A

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to give esters, in a condensation reaction, for example:
Ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate + water
(alcohol = -yl & carboxylic acid = -oate)

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24
Q

Properties of esters

A

Esters are volatile compounds – no H-bonds so low m.p.
Polar molecules – soluble in organic solvents
Sweet, fruity smelling liquids
Many occur naturally e.g. as fats, oils & flavours in fruits
Used in food flavourings and perfumes and as solvents

25
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Large molecules built up from small units (monomers).
Different macromolecules have different units and/or
different linkages

26
Q

Different sized molecules

A

Monomers: Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol

linkages: amide, ester

Macromolecules: Protein, starch, lipids

27
Q

Polythene use

A 
Plastic bags and
gloves, clingfilm (low
density), mugs, bowls,
chairs, dustbins (high
density)
28
Q

PVC use

A

Water pipes,
wellingtons, hoses,
covering for electricity
cables

29
Q

Polypropene us e

A

Crates, ropes

30
Q

Polystyrene use

A

used as expanded polystyrene in fast food cartons, packaging, and insulation for roofs and walls

31
Q

Teflon use

A

Coated on frying pans to make them non stick, fabric protector, windscreen wipers, flooring

32
Q

Uses of nylon

A

ropes, fishing nets, tents, curtains

33
Q

How is nylon made

A

No double bonds break, instead single bonds break, and
new single bonds form.
The monomers are able to join to each other by
eliminating a small molecule: hydrogen chloride.
This reaction continues at each the two monomers.
Thousands of molecules join together, giving a
macromolecule:

34
Q

Terylene uses

A

Uses: clothing (especially mixed with cotton), thread

35
Q

How is terylene made

A

The monomers join by eliminating a water molecule.

Thousands of molecules join up, giving a macromolecule

36
Q

Pollution from plastics

A

Choke birds, fish and other animals that try to eat them.
Or they fill up the animals’ stomachs so that they can’t
eat proper food, and starve to death.
They clog up drains and sewers and cause flooding. They collect in rivers, and get in the way of fish. Some
river beds now contain a thick layer of plastic
They blow into trees and onto beaches. So the place
looks a mess. Tourists become put off.

37
Q

What are food’s main constituents

A

Food’s main constituents are proteins, fats and

carbohydrates.

38
Q

Proteins:

A

Proteins contain the same linkages (amide links) as
nylon, but with different units. Their structure is:
In digestion proteins are broken down into amino acids
(hydrolysis).

39
Q

Fats:

A

Fats are esters possessing the same linkage as Terylene
(ester links) but with different units.
Soap is a product of the hydrolysis of fat. It is done using
sodium hydroxide (as opposed to acid, in digestion). The
hydrolysis gives glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty
acids. The salts are used as soaps.

40
Q

Carbohydrates:

A

Complex carbohydrates: are a large number of joined
sugar units (monosaccharide like glucose). The sugar
units are represented like this:

In digestion, the hydrolysis (Decomposition of a chemical
compound by reaction with water) of starch happens in
the mouth by the enzyme amylase to make glucose

41
Q

Hydrolysis

A

o Starch → glucose
o Proteins → amino acids
o Fats → fatty acids and glycerol
But if hydrolysis is not complete, macromolecules are
not completely broken down so you get a mixture of
molecules of different sizes

42
Q

What is identification

A

Chromatography can be used to identify products &
substances
However, amino acids and sugars are colourless when
dissolved in water, so a locating agent is used.
Substances can be identified using Rf values or by
matching them with spots which are horizontal

43
Q

What is the mole

A

The mole is the key concept for chemical calculations

44
Q

definition of mole

A

The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the

same number of particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

45
Q

Definition of relative atomic mass

A

Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom

compared to one twelfth of the mass of one atom of carbon-12

46
Q

Definition of Molar Mass

A

Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1

mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1

47
Q

How can molar mass for a compound be calculated

A

Molar Mass for a compound can be calculated by adding
up the mass numbers(from the periodic table) of each
element in the compound
eg CaCO3 = 40.1 + 12.0 +16.0 x3 = 100.1

48
Q

pure solids, liquids and gases amount

A

mass / molarMass

49
Q

Gas volume

A

Gas Volume (dm3)= amount x 24

50
Q

concentration of solutions

A

Concentration = amount / volume

51
Q

Unit of mass and unit of amount

A

Unit of Mass: grams

Unit of amount : mol

52
Q

mg, g and kg amount

A

1000 mg =1g
1000 g =1kg
1000kg = 1 tonne

53
Q

Avogadros constant

A

There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. Therefore
explained in simpler terms ‘One mole of any specified entity
contains 6.02 x 1023 of that entity’:

54
Q

number of particles =

A

No of particles = amount of substance (in mol) X Avogadro’s constant

55
Q

What is an empirical formula

A

An empirical formula is the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

56
Q

how to calculate emperical formula

A

Step 1 : Divide each mass (or % mass) by the atomic mass of the element
Step 2 : For each of the answers from step 1 divide by the smallest one of
those numbers.
Step 3: sometimes the numbers calculated in step 2 will need to be multiplied
up to give whole numbers.
These whole numbers will be the empirical formula

57
Q

What is a molecular forumla

A

A molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of each element in the compound.

58
Q

new diluted concentration =

A

new diluted concentration = original concentration x original volume / new diluted volume

chemistry shiz to git gud (1 decks)

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