Part 1, Set 1 Flashcards
Time frame for hyperacute, acute, and chronic transplant rejection
hyperacute: within minutes
acute: weeks
chronic: months to years
Immunologic response for hyperacute, acute, and chornic transplant rejection
hyperacute: HSR II –> preformed antibodies
acute: cellular –> CD8+ against donor MHC
chronic: cellular –> CD8+ respond to foreign MHC as self MHC presenting non-self antigen
Treatment for digoxin toxicity
- normalize Na and Mg serum levels
- anti-dig Fab fragments
- bradycardia –> atropine
- arryth –> ACLS guidelines
Vanco as treatment for…
GRAM + ONLY
MDRO (multi drug resistant organisms) such as:
MRSA
enterococcus
2nd line (oral) for clostridium difficile
How does vancomycin resistance develop?
D-ala-D-ala to D-ala D-LAC***
Do atypical antipsychotic primarily address negative or positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
BOTH
Typical antipsychotics MOA and treat sx
block D2 Rec –> increase cAMP –> treat POSITIVE SX
Atypical antipsychotics MOA and treat sx
block D2 Rec AND OTHERS: 5-HT, alpha, H1 receptors –> treat POSITIVE and NEGATIVE SX
Positive sx of schizophrenia
delusions
hallucinations (auditory)
disorganized speech
disorganized catatonic behavior
Negative sx of schizophrenia
flat affect
social withdrawal
lack motivation
lack speech/thought
Which sx of schizophrenia are easier to treat?
positive
When need to change loading dose and/or maintenance dose?
if liver or renal dizease –> decrease maintenance dose only, loading dose unchanged
What substances compose the matrix of the bone?
organic matrix 30%
collagen, chorndroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid
crystalline salts 70%
calcium, phosphate, hydroxyapatite
What can hydroxyapatite conjugate to?
Mg, Na, K, HCO3, strontium, uranium, plutonium, lead, gold, heavy metals
K+ sparing diuretics mneumonic
“K, take a SEAT!”
S - spironolactone
E - epipleronone
A - amiloride
T - triamterene
MOA of spironolactone and epipleronone
inhibit aldosterone
MOA of amiloride and triamterene
inhibit Na+ channel (ENac) in coritcal collecting tube
SE of K+ sparing diuretics
- hyperkalemia (hiker banana)
- gynecomastia
- irregular menses
NO vasodilates which vessels
VEINS»_space;> arterioles
hydralazine vasodilates which vessels
arterioles > veins
Why give NO and hydralazine together for angina?
NO decreases preload
hydralazine decreases afterload
= decrease angina
What are risk factors for cholesterol gallstones?
4 Fs: fat, fertile, female, forty
obesity, pregnancy, age, estorgen (F)
*also, crohns, clofibrate, estrogen tx, multiparity, rapid weight loss, Native American
Risk factors for pigment gallstones?
chronic hemolysis
alcoholic cirrhosis
advanced age
biliary infection
35 with MS presents with internuclear ophthalmoplegia, what is it?
MLF syndrome!
Conjugate horizontal gaze palsy!
medial longitudinal fasciculus connects/communicates the CN VI (ipsilateral) and CN III (contralateral) nuclei to allow gaze
CN VI eye muscle
abducens
LR
ipsilateral
CN III eye muscle
oculomotor
MR
contralaterl
