Part 1 Pharmacology

Question 1

what is pharmacology broken down into?

Answer 1

pharmacotherapeutics & toxicology

Question 2

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

what body does to drug

Question 3

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 3

what does drug do to body

Question 4

what are the three names drugs are identified as?

Answer 4

generic
chemical
trademark

Question 5

a drugs ____ name is usually shortened to a form the drugs _____ name?

Answer 5

chemical to form generic

Question 6

what is a generic equivalent?

Answer 6

drug marketed by generic name after the patent has expired
generic forms typical less expensive than brand name products

Question 7

how is a generic equivalent “bioequivalent” to a brand name?

Answer 7

1. same type & amount of active ingredient
2. uses same administration route
3. same pharmacokinetic profile
4. found to have same therapeutic effects

Question 8

what is the role of the FDA in drug approval?

Answer 8

-government agency oversees drug testing/approval
-responsible for drug classification

Question 9

what is the phases of drug testing?

Answer 9

Preclincals
Clinical trials
Phase 1 (healthy volunteers)
Phase 2 (small patient sample)
Phase 3 (larger sample)
Approved for marketing
Phase 4 (post marketing surveillance)

Question 10

how can a drug get an expedited review?

Answer 10

if the drug has exceptional need or beneficial effects, requested by drug company

Question 11

what is an orphan drug?

Answer 11

certain drugs are only indicated for small populations
FDA arranges funding from additional sources to subsidize drug development

Question 12

what are some implications of drug testing/approval?

Answer 12

drug costs
availability in USA vs other countries
failures to identify serious side effects

Question 13

what is off-labeling prescribing?

Answer 13

prescription of a drug for a purpose that has not been approved by FDA

Question 14

what is the dose-response relationship?

Answer 14

if dose is too low no response
-response will start to appear at some “threshold dose”
-in theory the response increases as the dose increases

Question 15

what happens to the response once the dose hits a certain point?

Answer 15

response can plateau which is called maximal efficacy or ceiling effect

Question 16

what is potency?

Answer 16

related to the dose that causes a specific response in a specific magnitude
-a drug that causes the response at a lower dose is more potent

Question 17

What does a higher therapeutic index (TI) indicate?

Answer 17

the safer the drug

Question 18

is there an acceptable TI?

Answer 18

no fixed guidelines

Question 19

what are the key issues in pharmacokinetics?

Answer 19

-ADME
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 20

describe absorption?

Answer 20

drugs move from site of administration into another tissue
directly related to route of administration

Question 21

what are some examples of enteral routes of administration

Answer 21

oral
lingual, sublingual
buccal
rectal

Question 22

what are some examples of parenteral routes of administration?

Answer 22

injection
inhalation
topical
transdermal

Question 23

what are the trade-off of the administration; enteral vs parenteral?

Answer 23

enteral: fairly simple, easy but less predictable
parenteral: more difficult, inconvenient but more predictable

Question 24

what is bioavailability?

Answer 24

percent of the administered dose that appears in the bloodstream

Question 25

dealing with absorption what is the “first pass effect”?

Answer 25

when drug is administrated orally is then absorbed into the GI tract and enters the liver via hepatic portal vein when this happens some is often destroyed during the first pass through the liver

Question 26

describe distribution of drugs?

Answer 26

-drugs cross membranes & tissues to reach target site

Question 27

what can affect the distribution of drugs?

Answer 27

-administration route
-physiochemical properties of drug
-binding to plasma proteins
-various “barriers” & “carriers”

Question 28

how does drug “storage” occur?

Answer 28

distribution to certain sites result in drug accumulation
primarily storage is in :fat, muscle, bone, liver, kidneys, other organs/tissues

Question 29

what are the primary problems of storage?

Answer 29

local tissue damage
redistribution

Question 30

what does metabolism have to do with drugs?

Answer 30

-active form of drug is changed chemically to an inactive or less active byproduct
-often creates more polar, water soluble metabolite that can excreted by kidneys

Question 31

what is the primary, significant and minor excretion sites?

Answer 31

Primary: kidneys
Significant: lungs, GI tracts
Minor: sweat, saliva, breast milk

Question 32

what is clearance?

Answer 32

the rate that the drug can be removed completely from the body

Question 33

what are the two things clearance depends on?

Answer 33

blood flow to the organ
extortion ratio

Question 34

what is a half-life?

Answer 34

amount of time is takes for 50% of the active form of drug to be eliminated

Question 35

what happens when a drug is given continuously?

Answer 35

maintain a fairly stable level of drug in the bloodstream

Question 36

what happens when drugs are given intermittently?

Answer 36

will cause peaks and troughs in plasma levels

Question 37

what are some factors that affect normal pharmacokinetics?

Answer 37

-disease
-age
-genetics
-gender
-body composition
-diet
-other chemical
-physical factors

Question 38

what is the implications of pharmacokinetics for rehab?

Answer 38

timing of rehab session with drug peals & troughs
effects on absorption/distribution
helps recognize improper drug responses