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TM111: Block 3, connecting people places and things > Part 1, Network technologies > Flashcards

Part 1, Network technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a client

A

this is software installed on a users machine that requests information/services from a server

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2
Q

this is software installed on a users machine that requests information/services from a server

A

client

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3
Q

give three examples of a client installed on a users machine

A
  1. file client
  2. web client (web browser)
  3. email client
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4
Q

what are these examples of

  1. file client
  2. web client (web browser)
  3. email client
A

these are examples of clients on a user machine

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5
Q

what is a server

A

this is software installed on a machine that provides services and information to any client requesting it

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6
Q

this is software installed on a machine that provides services and information to any client requesting it

A

server

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7
Q

give three examples of a server

A
  1. file server
  2. web server
  3. email server
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8
Q

what are these examples of

  1. file server
  2. web server
  3. email server
A

server

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9
Q

what does the term “client-server” mean

A

the term “client-server” means that a connection has been made between a client and a server and information is being exchanged

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10
Q

the term “—–” means that a connection has been made between a client and a server and information is being exchanged

A

“client-server”

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11
Q

describe what “layered architecture” is

A

this is a concept that describes how communication connections work

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12
Q

this is a concept that describes how communication connections work

A

“layered architecture”

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13
Q

how does “layered architecture” work

A

this works by describing each connection as a layer where the lower layers provide services to the upper layers. though no layer is concerned with how the other works, just that it provides the correct services

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14
Q

this works by describing each connection as a layer where the lower layers provide services to the upper layers. though no layer is concerned with how the other works, just that it provides the correct services

A

“layered architecture”

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15
Q

what are the layers in “layered architecture”

A

a layer is a description of a connection between two peers that must understand each other, each layer therefore has peers that understand each other and have a virtual connection with each other

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16
Q

a layer is a description of a connection between two peers that must understand each other, each layer therefore has peers that understand each other and have a virtual connection with each other

A

layers in “layered architecture”

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17
Q

using a telephone call give an example of “layered architecture”

A

telephone call
layer 2: a human operator receives/sends audio to layer 1 (the telephone)

layer 1: telephone receives digital information from another telephone (its peer) and converts it to audio for layer 2 (human operator). also receives audio from layer 2 and converts it to digital information for its peer to understand

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18
Q

telephone call
layer 2: a human operator receives/sends audio to layer 1 (the telephone)

layer 1: telephone receives digital information from another telephone (its peer) and converts it to audio for layer 2 (human operator). also receives audio from layer 2 and converts it to digital information for its peer to understand

A

example of “layered architecture”

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19
Q

describe what peers are in “layered architecture”

A

peers in “layered architecture” will have a virtual connection to each other this virtual connection defines the layer they are on and also that any peer on this virtual connection must be able to understand each other

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20
Q

peers in “layered architecture” will have a virtual connection to each other this virtual connection defines the layer they are on and also that any peer on this virtual connection must be able to understand each other

A

peers are in “layered architecture”

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21
Q

what seven steps might data take on a typical journey

A
  1. from laptop
  2. wireless/wired to home hub/router
  3. cabinet (roadside box)
  4. telco (telephone exchange)
  5. ISP (internet service provider)
  6. university router
  7. university server
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22
Q
  1. from laptop
  2. wireless/wired to home hub/router
  3. cabinet (roadside box)
  4. telco (telephone exchange)
  5. ISP (internet service provider)
  6. university router
  7. university server
A

typical journey that data might take

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23
Q

how does optical fibre send data

A

it uses infra-red light to send 1s and 0s

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24
Q

this uses infra-red light to send 1s and 0s

A

optical fibre

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25
Q

does optical fibre suffer from attenuation

A

yes optical fibre suffers from attenuation although it can carry data much greater distances before the signal must be regenerated

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26
Q

what is “total internal refraction”

A

“total internal refraction” is the process that allows fibre optics to carry light it works by not allowing light to escape through the sides of the fibre but only the ends

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27
Q

”—–” is the process that allows fibre optics to carry light. it works by not allowing light to escape through the sides of the fibre but only the ends

A

“total internal refraction”

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28
Q

what is “on-off keying”

A

this is a type of modulation used by optical fibre. where a light is turned on and off to represent the data with 1 being when the light is on and 0 being when the light is off

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29
Q

this is a type of modulation used by optical fibre. where a light is turned on and off to represent the data with 1 being when the light is on and 0 being when the light is off

A

“on-off keying”

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30
Q

what is a “sine wave”

A

a “sine wave” is a waveform that has a periodically repeating curve

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31
Q

a “—–” is a waveform that has a periodically repeating curve

A

“sine wave”

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32
Q

what is the “wavelength”

A

the “wavelength” is the length or distance of one cycle of a wave and is a measure of distance

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33
Q

the “—–” is the length or distance of one cycle of a wave and is a measure of distance

A

“wavelength”

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34
Q

what does the term “sinusoidal” mean

A

“sinusoidal” is the term used to describe something that has the form of a sine wave. electromagnetic waves can be sinusoidal and so are called “sinusoidal electromagnetic wave”

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35
Q

”—–” is the term used to describe something that has the form of a sine wave. electromagnetic waves can be “—–” and so are called “”—–” electromagnetic wave”

A

“sinusoidal”

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36
Q

what is the “period” of a wave

A

the “period” describes one cycle of a wave in time and is a measure of time

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37
Q

the “—–” describes one cycle of a wave in time and is a measure of time

A

“period”

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38
Q

what is the “frequency” of a wave

A

the “frequency” of a wave is the number of cycles it completes within 1 second

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39
Q

the “—–” of a wave is the number of cycles it completes within 1 second

A

“frequency”

40
Q

what is “frequency” of a wave measured in

A

the “frequency” of a wave is measured in hertz(Hz)

41
Q

the “frequency” of a wave is measured in “—–”

A

hertz(Hz)

42
Q

a wave has 1 cycle per second what is its frequency in Hz

A

1Hz

43
Q

a wave has a frequency of 1 Hz how many wave cycles per a second is this

A

1 wave cycle per second

44
Q

a wave has 1000 cycle per second what is its frequency in Hz

A

1000Hz or 1 KHz

45
Q

a wave has a frequency of 1 KHz how many wave cycles per a second is this

A

1000 wave cycles per second

46
Q

why are the frequency, period and wavelength all related

A

they are related because all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed therefore when one changes the others change relative to the change

47
Q

what happens when you increase the frequency

A

increasing the frequency means the wavelength and period will decrease

48
Q

increasing the frequency means the wavelength will become “—–”

A

shorter

49
Q

what happens when you increase the wavelength

A

increasing the wavelength means the frequency decreases and the period increases

50
Q

increasing the wavelength means the frequency “—–” and the period “—–”

A

increasing the wavelength means the frequency decreases and the period increases

51
Q

mathematically how can you find the frequency when you know the period

A

frequency = 1 / period

52
Q

”—–” = 1 / period

A

frequency

53
Q

mathematically how can you find the period when you know the frequency

A

period = 1 / frequency

54
Q

”—–” = 1 / frequency

A

period

55
Q

name three electromagnetic waves that the sun emits

A
  1. infra red
  2. visible light
  3. ultra-violet
56
Q

name the 7 electromagnetic waves surrounding and including visible light (lowest to highest frequency)

A
  1. radio
  2. microwaves
  3. infrared
  4. visible
  5. ultra-violet
  6. x-rays
  7. gamma rays
57
Q

name the 7 electromagnetic waves surrounding and including visible light (lowest to highest frequency) and there frequencies

A
  1. radio - 10^4 - 10^9
  2. microwaves - 10^10 - 10^11
  3. infrared - 10^12 - 10^14
  4. visible - 10^15 - 10^15
  5. ultra-violet - 10^16 - 10^17
  6. x-rays - 10^17 - 10^20
  7. gamma rays- 10^19 - 10^22
58
Q

what is a “logarithmic scale”

A

a “logarithmic scale” is a scale where you have equally spaced values on an axis and each value on the axis is multiplied by the same amount

59
Q

a “—–” is a scale where you have equally spaced values on an axis and each value on the axis is multiplied by the same amount

A

“logarithmic scale”

60
Q

what must you be careful with when using “logarithmic scale”

A

when using “logarithmic scales” you must be careful with how you interpret data. because each value is multiplied it means the scale is not equal

61
Q

when using “—–” you must be careful with how you interpret data. because each value is multiplied it means the scale is not equal

A

“logarithmic scale”

62
Q

how do you find the range of a frequency band

A

to find the range of a frequency band you find the difference of the two ends of the frequency band

63
Q

when the frequency range has been found what is it known as and what is it measured in

A

the frequency range of a frequency band is known as its “bandwidth” and is measured in Hz

64
Q

the frequency range of a frequency band is known as its “—–” and is measured in “—–”

A

the frequency range of a frequency band is known as its “bandwidth” and is measured in Hz

65
Q

what does a greater bandwidth of a frequency band determine

A

a greater bandwidth of a frequency band means that it has more capacity and so if used to carry communication data it has the potential to carry more bits per second

66
Q

a greater bandwidth of a frequency band means that it has “—–” and so if used to carry communication data it has the potential to “—–”

A

a greater bandwidth of a frequency band means that it has more capacity and so if used to carry communication data it has the potential to carry more bits per second

67
Q

what is “modulation”

A

“modulation” is the modification of a wave or signal so that it can be used to carry data

68
Q

”—–” is the modification of a wave or signal so that it can be used to carry data

A

“modulation” is the modification of a wave or signal so that it can be used to carry data

69
Q

name a simple form of “modulation” and one other method

A

one simple form of “modulation” is “on-off keying” another method of “modulation” might be using two different frequencies to represent a 1 and a 0

70
Q

one simple form of “modulation” is “—–” another method of “modulation” might be “—–”

A

one simple form of “modulation” is “on-off keying” another method of “modulation” might be using to different frequencies to represent a 1 and a 0

71
Q

what is “wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)”

A

“wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)” is used to increase the data rate of one fibre optic cable. it does this by having two separate sources each using a different frequency send there signal down the same fibre optic cable. when the signal reaches the receiver there is a filter which separates the two frequencies so they can be read as two separate signals

72
Q

”—–” is used to increase the data rate of one fibre optic cable. it does this by having two separate sources each using a different frequency send there signal down the same fibre optic cable. when the signal reaches the receiver there is a filter which separates the two frequencies so they can be read as two separate signals

A

“wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)” is used to increase the data rate of one fibre optic cable. it does this by having two separate sources each using a different frequency send there signal down the same fibre optic cable. when the signal reaches the receiver there is a filter which separates the two frequencies so they can be read as two separate signals

73
Q

what is meant y the term “multiplexing”

A

“multiplexing” means that multiple sources are sharing a single communications medium (such as fibre optic cable)

74
Q

”—–” means that multiple sources are sharing a single communications medium (such as fibre optic cable)

A

“multiplexing” means that multiple sources are sharing a single communications medium (such as fibre optic cable)

75
Q

what is “dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)” and how many channels can it currently have

A

“dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)” is another method used to increase the data rate (bandwidth) of fibre optics cables. currently this method can carry 100 channels over a single fibre optic cable

76
Q

”—–” is another method used to increase the data rate (bandwidth) of fibre optics cables. currently this method can carry 100 channels over a single fibre optic cable

A

“dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)” is another method used to increase the data rate (bandwidth) of fibre optics cables. currently this method can carry 100 channels over a single fibre optic cable

77
Q

what is a signals strength measured in and what signal strength would a transmitter usually send out

A

a “signals strength” is measured in watts. a transmitter will usually send a signal of no more than 1W

78
Q

a “—–” is measured in watts. a transmitter will usually send a signal of no more than 1W

A

a “signals strength” is measured in watts. a transmitter will usually send a signal of no more than 1W

79
Q

what type of attenuation do both metallic wire and optical fibre suffer from

A

“metallic wire” and “optical fibre” both suffer from exponential decay

80
Q

”—–” and “—–” both suffer from exponential decay

A

“metallic wire” and “optical fibre” both suffer from exponential decay

81
Q

what is “exponential decay”

A

“exponential decay” is where a signal strength weakens by a regular factor over a particular distance

82
Q

”—–” is where a signal strength weakens by a regular factor over a particular distance

A

“exponential decay” is where a signal strength weakens by a regular factor over a particular distance

83
Q

a signal is sent out at 0.2W it has a decay of a factor of 10 every 500M, after 500M what will the signal strength be

A

the signal strength will be 0.2 / 10 = 0.02W

84
Q

which will have a higher signal loss

  1. metallic cable with low frequency being sent
  2. metallic cable with high frequency being sent
A
  1. metallic cable with high frequency being sent

in general “metallic cables” have higher signal loss the higher the frequency used. this means when sending higher data rates the signal will lose power quicker

85
Q

in general “—–” have higher signal loss the higher the frequency used. this means when sending higher data rates the signal will lose power quicker

A

in general “metallic cables” have higher signal loss the higher the frequency used. this means when sending higher data rates the signal will lose power quicker

86
Q

what is “coaxial cable”

A

“coaxial cable” is a type of metallic cable with a solid metallic core that is surrounded by insulation then foil then copper braid. it is designed to carry high frequency signals

87
Q

”—–” is a type of metallic cable with a solid metallic core that is surrounded by insulation then foil then copper braid. it is designed to carry high frequency signals

A

“coaxial cable” is a type of metallic cable with a solid metallic core that is surrounded by insulation then foil then copper braid. it is designed to carry high frequency signals

88
Q

what is the attenuation rate of high quality coaxial cable at 2 Mbps

A

high quality coaxial cable at 2Mbps has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 10Km

89
Q

”—–” has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 10Km

A

high quality coaxial cable at 2Mbps has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 10Km

90
Q

what is the attenuation rate of high quality coaxial cable at 200Mbps

A

high quality coaxial cable at 200Mbps has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 1KM

91
Q

”—–” has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 1KM

A

“high quality coaxial cable at 200Mbps” has an attenuation rate of a factor of 10 every 1KM

92
Q

what is the attenuation rate of optical fibre

A

“optical fibre” has an attenuation rate of a factor of a factor of 10 approximately every 30KM

93
Q

”—–” has an attenuation rate of a factor of a factor of 10 approximately every 30KM

A

“optical fibre” has an attenuation rate of a factor of a factor of 10 approximately every 30KM

94
Q

what is one factor that determines how much power a receiver will need in order to read the signal correctly

A

in general the higher the frequency (data rate) then the stronger the signal has to be for the receiver to read the signal correctly

95
Q

in general the “—–” then the stronger the signal has to be for the receiver to read the signal correctly

A

in general the higher the frequency (data rate) then the stronger the signal has to be for the receiver to read the signal correctly

96
Q

what is a “regenerator”

A

a “regenerator” will detect an attenuated signal and produce a fresh full signal for the next leg of its journey

97
Q

a “—–” will detect an attenuated signal and produce a fresh full signal for the next leg of its journey

A

a “regenerator” will detect an attenuated signal and produce a fresh full signal for the next leg of its journey

TM111: Block 3, connecting people places and things (1 decks)

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