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SF1.05 Overview of the Nervous System and Spinal Nerves (MULHERON) > Part 1: Nervous System and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Part 1: Nervous System and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System composition and role:

A
  • comprised of neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers, and connective tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
  • regulates and coordinates body functions
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2
Q

Collections of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS are called:

A

nuclei

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3
Q

The nerve fibers of the CNS are commonly arranged into discrete bundles called:

A

tracts

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) composition and role:

A
  • Comprised of the neuronal cell bodies, nerve fibers and connective tissues that lie outside the CNS.
  • Convey information between the CNS and peripheral structures.
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5
Q

Collections of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS (in the PNS) are called:

A

ganglia

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6
Q

Somatic PNS composition and role:

A
  • Comprised of peripheral nervous tissue responsible for carrying signals to and from skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and skin.
  • Conveys general sensations of pain, temperature, touch and proprioception from the periphery to the CNS.
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7
Q

The cell bodies of lower somatic motor neurons are located in:

A

the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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8
Q

The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons are located in:

A

dorsal root (spinal) and cranial nerve ganglia.

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9
Q

Viscera refers to:

A

the internal organs of the body

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10
Q

Autonomic PNS composition and role:

A
  • Comprised of peripheral nervous tissue responsible for carrying signals to and from the viscera.
  • Conveys viscera sensations such as distension.
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic components.
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11
Q

The two components of the Autonomic PNS:

A
  • sympathetic component; “fight or flight”
  • parasympathetic component; “rest and digest”
  • Both utilize two motor neurons in the peripheral path to innervate smooth and cardiac muscle.
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12
Q

Role of parasympathetic component of autonomic PNS:

A
  • controls digestive functions, slows the heart rate and constricts the pupils.
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13
Q

Role of sympathetic component of autonomic PNS:

A
  • controls pupillary dilation, increased heart rate, blood pressure and sweating.
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14
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic ANS innervate smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

two motor neurons in the peripheral path.

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15
Q

Neuron structure:

A

cell body, dendrite(s) and an axon.

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16
Q

Neurons can be classified as:

A
  • multipolar, bipolar or unipolar based upon the number of processes associated with their cell body.
  • motor (efferent) or sensory (afferent).
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17
Q

Motor (efferent) Neurons:

A
  • multipolar and carry information away from the CNS.
  • cell bodies located in nuclei within the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
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18
Q

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in:

A
  • nuclei within the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
19
Q

Somatic motor neurons stimulate:

A
  • contraction of skeletal muscle.
  • nuclei are in ventral horn.
20
Q

Sensory (afferent) Neurons:

A
  • unipolar and carry information towards the CNS.
  • cell bodies clustered in ganglia located outside the CNS.
21
Q

Cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons are located in:

A

ganglia located outside the CNS

22
Q

Ganglia associated with spinal nerves are called:

A

dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia).

23
Q

The spinal cord lies within the vertebral canal extending from:

A
  • the foramen magnum to the level of the intervertebral disc between L1/L2 vertebra.
24
Q

The spinal cord is surrounded by:

A
  • bone
  • epidural fat
  • three meningeal layers:
    • dura mater (outermost),
    • arachnoid mater (intermediate)
    • pia mater (innermost)
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the subarachnoid space.
25
Q

White matter:

A
  • bundles of myelinated axons arranged in discreet fiber tracts in the spinal cord
  • carry information up and down the spinal cord
26
Q

Gray matter:

A
  • bundles of neuronal cell bodies or unmyelinated axons arranged into three major horns: ventral (motor), dorsal (sensory) and lateral (autonomic motor).
27
Q

Ventral horn:

A
  • output side (efferent side)
  • contains the cell bodies of only motor neurons
    • multipolar
28
Q

Dorsal horn:

A
  • input side (afferent)
  • contains only sensory neurons
    • unipolar
29
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

33

30
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31:
    • 8 cervical
    • 12 thoracic
    • 5 lumbar
    • 5 sacral
    • 1 coccyx
31
Q

Spinal nerves (31 pairs) attach to the spinal cord via:

A
  • ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) roots
32
Q

Conus medullaris:

A
  • the tapered end of the spinal cord beginning at L1/L2
33
Q

Spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal through:

A
  • the intervertebral foramina.
    • C1-C7 exit above corresponding vertebral level.
    • C8 emerges below C7 vertebra.
    • Thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves exit below vertebral level.
34
Q

Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord via:

A
  • a ventral (motor) root and a dorsal (sensory) root.
    • ventral root carries only motor nerve fibers
    • dorsal root carries only sensory nerve fibers
35
Q

Structure of a spinal nerve:

A
  • a ventral (motor) root and a dorsal (sensory) root.
  • roots merge to form the mixed (motor and sensory fibers) spinal nerve.
  • spinal nerve divides into two forming a ventral ramus and a dorsal ramus which are also mixed nerves.
36
Q

Dorsal rami innervate:

A
  • three things:
    • skin of the back
    • true back muscles
    • zygapophyseal joints
37
Q

Ventral rami innervate:

A
  • all skin besides the back skin
  • skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk and limbs (no back muscles)
38
Q

The ventral root carries only:

A
  • motor nerve fibers (multipolar)
  • origin is in ventral horn
  • merges with dorsal root in spinal nerve
39
Q

The dorsal root carries only:

A
  • sensory nerve fibers (unipolar)
  • origin is in dorsal horn
  • merges with ventral root in spinal nerve
  • houses dorsal root ganglion
40
Q

Dorsal root ganglion:

A
  • an enlargement on the dorsal root that houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
41
Q

The skin of the neck, body wall and limbs is divided up
into segments or slices called:

A
  • dermatomes (skin slice).
  • each dermatome is innervated by the ventral or dorsal rami of spinal nerves.
42
Q

Do dermatomal segments overlap one another?

A
  • Yes.
  • Example: innervation to the T10 segment is supplied in part by the T9 and T11 ventral rami. Thus complete anesthesia of the T10 dermatomal segment would require “knocking out” the T9, T10, and T11 ventral rami.
43
Q

How many dermatomes are there?

A
  • 31; one for each spinal nerve pair
    • 8 cervical
    • 12 thoracic
    • 5 lumbar
    • 5 sacral
    • 1 coccyx

SF1.05 Overview of the Nervous System and Spinal Nerves (MULHERON) (2 decks)

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