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NEW Behavioural Neuroscience > Part 1: Genetics > Flashcards

Part 1: Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

According to Darwin (1859), evolutionary change occurs as h______ traits of s________ individuals are spread throughout the population, whereas, the traits of l___ s________ individuals are lost.

A

According to Darwin (1859), evolutionary change occurs as heritable traits of successful individuals are spread throughout the population, whereas, the traits of less successful individuals are lost.

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2
Q

The human brain accounts for __% of our total body weight. While the elephant brain accounts for only __% of its body weight.

A

The human brain accounts for 2.3% of our total body weight. While the elephant brain accounts for only 0.2% of its body weight.

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3
Q

How much does the average newborn brain weigh?

A

350g

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4
Q

How many neurons does the typical newborn brain have?

A

100 billion.

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5
Q

In newborns, production of neurons almost ceases, except in the:
a.
b.

A

a. hippocampus

b. olfactory bulb

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6
Q

When does the human brain reach its adult size?

A

Adolescence.

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7
Q

How much does the typical adult brain weigh?

A

1,400g

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8
Q

How many times bigger is an adult brain in comparison to a newborns?

A

Adult brains are 4X bigger than newborns.

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9
Q

What Southern ape species played a significant role in human evolution?

A

Australopithecus.

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10
Q

What genus evolved from Australopithecus and when?

A

Homo, 3 million years ago.

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11
Q

What was the name of the first hominid?

A

Homo-erectus.

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12
Q

When did the first hominid leave Africa?

A

1.7 million years ago.

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13
Q

What is the name of our own species?

A

Homo-sapiens.

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14
Q

Where and when did the first homo-sapiens appear?

A

East Africa, 100,000 yrs ago.

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15
Q

Mendel’s Theory: first pairing

[B1 B2] + [w1 w2] =

  1. 2.
  2. 4.
A

Mendel’s Theory: first pairing

[B1 B2] + [w1 w2] =

  1. [B1 w1]
  2. [B1 w2]
  3. [B2 w1]
  4. [B2 w2]
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16
Q

Mendel’s Theory: second pairing

[B1 w1] + [B2 w2] =

1.
2.
3.
4.

A

Mendel’s Theory: second pairing

[B1 w1] + [B2 w2] =

  1. [B1 B2]
  2. [B1 w2]
  3. [w1 B2]
  4. [w1 w2]
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17
Q

What do we call an individual who has two of the same allele?

E.g. BB or bb

A

Homozygous.

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18
Q

What do we call an individual who has two different alleles?

E.g. Bb or bB

A

Heterozygous.

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19
Q

What do we call an individuals makeup of alleles?

A

Genotype.

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20
Q

The observable traits resulting from a combination of alleles is called an individuals:

A

Phenotype.

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21
Q

What type of cell division is used to make sperm cells?

A

Meiotic.

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22
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a fathers body cells contain?

A

23 pairs.

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23
Q

Describe the first stage of meiotic cell division used to create sperm cells.

1.

A
  1. Within the father’s body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
24
Q

Describe the second stage of meiotic cell division used to create sperm cells.

  1. Within the father’s body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.

2.

A
  1. Within the father’s body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The fathers body cells split to form two new complete cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
25
Q

Describe the third stage of meiotic cell division used to create sperm cells.

  1. Within the father’s body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The fathers body cells split to form two new complete cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.

3.

A
  1. Within the father’s body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The fathers body cell splits to form two new cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.
  3. Each cell divides to create 4 sperm cells, containing half the normal amount of genetic material.
26
Q

How many chromosomes do sperm cells contain?

A

23

27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the mothers body cells contain?

A

23 pairs.

28
Q

What type of cell division is used to make egg cells?

A

Meiotic.

29
Q

Describe the first stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

1.

A

Describe the first stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

  1. Within the mothers body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
30
Q

Describe the second stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

  1. Within the mothers body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.

2.

A

Describe the second stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

  1. Within the mothers body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The mothers body cell splits to form new cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.
31
Q

Describe the third stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

  1. Within the mothers body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The mothers body cell splits to form new cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.

3.

A

Describe the third stage of meiotic cell division used to create egg cells:

  1. Within the mothers body cells, the chromosomes duplicate themselves.
  2. The mothers body cell splits to form new cells, each containing 23 chromosomes.
  3. One of the egg cells dies.
32
Q

What is a fertilised egg called?

A

Zygote.

33
Q

Describe the first stage of fertilisation:

1.

A

Describe the first stage of fertilisation:

  1. The sperm combines with the egg cell.
34
Q

Describe the second stage of fertilisation:

  1. The sperm combines with the egg cell.

2.

A

Describe the second stage of fertilisation:

  1. The sperm combines with the egg cell.
  2. The fertilised egg divides to create 2 cells. The cell without the sperm dies.
35
Q

Describe the third stage of fertilisation:

  1. The sperm combines with the egg cell.
  2. The fertilised egg divides to create 2 cells. The cell without the sperm dies.

3.

A

Describe the third stage of fertilisation:

  1. The sperm combines with the egg cell.
  2. The fertilised egg divides to create 2 cells. The cell without the sperm dies.
  3. The sperm and the egg combine to form a zygote.
36
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

23 pairs.

37
Q

What type of cell division enables a zygote to grow?

A

Mitotic cell division.

38
Q

Describe the first stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

1.

A

Describe the first stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

  1. The chromosomes within the cell duplicate.
39
Q

Describe the second stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

  1. The chromosomes within the cell duplicate.

2.

A

Describe the second stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

  1. The 23 pairs of chromosomes within the cell duplicate.
  2. The cell divides to create 2 new cells, each with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
40
Q

Describe the third stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

  1. The 23 pairs of chromosomes within the cell duplicate.
  2. The cell divides to create 2 new cells, each with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

3.

A

Describe the third stage of mitotic cell division in a zygote:

  1. The 23 pairs of chromosomes within the cell duplicate.
  2. The cell divides to create 2 new cells, each with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  3. Mitotic cell division occurs until a complete organism is created.
41
Q

Describe the first phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

1.

A

Describe the first phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
42
Q

Describe the second phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.

2.

A

Describe the second phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
  2. Then, they replicate their genetic material.
43
Q

Describe the third phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
  2. Then, they replicate their genetic material.

3.

A

Describe the third phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
  2. Then, they replicate their genetic material.
  3. Next, one chromosomes crosses over the other.
44
Q

Describe the third phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
  2. Then, they replicate their genetic material.
  3. Next, one chromosomes crosses over the other.

4.

A

Describe the third phase of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis:

  1. Pairs of similar chromosomes line up parallel to one another.
  2. Then, they replicate their genetic material.
  3. Next, one chromosomes crosses over the other. (Like legs overlapping.)
  4. The crossed-over chromosomes break apart at the crossover.
45
Q

What is the significance of ‘crossing over’ during meiosis?

A

Crossing over shuffle the genetic material; it is why not all the genes on the chromosomes are inherited together!

46
Q

Who deciphered the DNA code in 1962?

A

Watson and Crick.

47
Q

What do genes direct the synthesis of?

A

Protein.

48
Q

How many chromosomes do normal humans have?

A

23 pairs.

49
Q

What do we call a collection of genes governing a particular trait?

A

Allele.

50
Q

Where do alleles sit?

A

At the same site of the chromosome.

51
Q

What are the 4 nucleotide bases of the DNA molecule?

1.
2.
3.
4.

(Hint: AGTC)

A

What are the 4 nucleotide bases of the DNA molecule?

  1. Adenine
  2. Thymine
  3. Guanine
  4. Cytosine
52
Q

What are the 4 letters of the gene code?

A

A T G C

53
Q

The tendency of traits encoded on the same chromosome to be inherited together is called:

A

linkage.

54
Q

What is the usefulness of linkage in genetic research?

A

Linkage can be used to find the location of a gene on a chromosome.

55
Q

How can researchers use linkage to find the location of a gene on a chromosome?

A

By looking at how different genes are inherited together, researchers can create maps of the relative distances between them.

56
Q

How to researchers can create maps of the relative distances between genes on a chromosome?

A

If two genes are inherited together more than 50% of the time, this is evidence they are linked on the chromosome.

The closer together they are, the more frequently they will be inherited together.

57
Q

How can linkage be disrupted?

A

Crossing over.

NEW Behavioural Neuroscience (3 decks)

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