Part 1-epistimology And Logic Flashcards
The laws of logic can not of themselves disclose facts about the world of man or mature
Hm
Criteria
standard of judgment or criticism; a rule or principle for evaluating or testing something.
In order to discover such facts, or to evaluate the content of an argument, the individual must decide upon the
Criterion of truth to distinguish wiat is true from what is not true
Custom criterion of truth
“Do as the Romans do”
In other words whatever is poplar
Tradition criterion of truth
Defending the view by saying that any practice that has gained he loyalty of succeeding generations must deserve some measure of credibility
Time criterion of truth
“My belief has stood the test of time”
Based on the assumption that if something is really erroneous the error will sooner or later come to light
Would Christians give up Christianity if they found an older religion?
Emotion criterion of truth
Based in the subjective feelings of the individual to tell whether something is true or not
Instinct criterion o f truth
Instincts are things like the compelling for water and food to survive
there is an argument that all instincts have a corresponding object in the world of reality
Since all people are religious than the counterpart, God, must exist
Hunch criterion of truth
An impulsive generalization
An assumed truth from an unknown or unexplored source
Intuition criterion of truth
“Intuitions are at best, sources of truth,and not exactly tests.
It is not a consistent source though
Revelation criterion of truth
Much like intuition but the source is from God
When someone claims they have a revelation from God it is incumbent for him to prove it
An individual may accept revelation as a source of truth but he can’t depend on his experience as means o demonstrating to others its validity
Majority rule criterion of truth
A statistical basis for the acceptance or rejection o assertions and proposals
Obviously we wouldn’t want scientific claims to be held to a vote to determine their validity
Consensus gentian criterion of truth
The unanimous opinion of mankind is believed to have a validity higher than majority rule
Everyone believes that shouldn’t kill anyone for whatever reason…that’s the prove that you should not
Naive realism criterion of truth
Accords to naive realism Thai Fs are in reality as the senses depict them
Only that which is subject to first hand observation is verifiable
“Unless I see it, i will not believe”
Think of ideas or phenomena that are beyond the scope of senses..like time
Imagine six pints of pencil pressing in your back at small space would give the sense of one point
Correspondence criterion of truth
An idea which agrees with its object is necessarily true
How can you show the level o correspondence though. Is it a perfect correspondence?
It becomes merely a definition of truth and not truly a test. We would still need a test to determine the level of correspondence between what we think and what actually exists
Authority criterion of truth
Opinions of highly trained men who have achieved a degree of success in a given area of specialization are regarded as acceptable evidence or proof
Ipse dixit-“I myself said so” is not enough, you must be duly qualified
Pragmatic criterion of truth
If an idea works it must be accepted as true
Not all ideas that appear to be working are true.
William Ernest Hocking uses negative pragmatism-if something does not worn is can my be true because the the truth always works
Loose or mere consistency criterion of truth
Correct but not necessarily related Statements are said to be consistent f they do not contradict one another
Snow is white
A ton of lead is heavy
These are true but lack cohesiveness. True proof lies in the relationships which integrate ISOLATED data into a coherent whole
Rigorous consistency criterion of truth
Refers to connections between statements such that one proposition follows necessarily from another
If all A s are Bs and all Bs are Cs then all As are Cs
But how do you evaluate the INITAL condition or statement
Objection of rigorous consistency
A system of philosophy may be rigorously consistent with only those facts which it has INCLUDED for consideration. An adequate criterion of truth must take ALL facts into consideration whether or not the new data is detrimental to the system
Coherence criterion of truth
Refers to a SYSTEMATIC explanation of all the cat if experience. A person must arrange all pertinent facts so that there will be a proper RELATIONSHIP to one another consistently and cohesively as pasta if an integrated whole.
The authors say this is the best criterion of truth
Limitation of coherence criterion of truth
Mans inability to obtain ALL FACTS IF EXPERIENCE
Only an omniscient mind possessed all face
But if you object to coherence than you imply a preference for incoherence which is absurd
Can there be several equally coherent systems, each containing all the acts of human experience?
What is epistemology
The study of knowledge
Episteme-knowledge
Ology-study of
