Part 1-epistimology And Logic

Question 1

The laws of logic can not of themselves disclose facts about the world of man or mature

Answer 1

Hm

Question 2

Criteria

Answer 2

standard of judgment or criticism; a rule or principle for evaluating or testing something.

Question 3

In order to discover such facts, or to evaluate the content of an argument, the individual must decide upon the

Answer 3

Criterion of truth to distinguish wiat is true from what is not true

Question 4

Custom criterion of truth

Answer 4

“Do as the Romans do”

In other words whatever is poplar

Question 5

Tradition criterion of truth

Answer 5

Defending the view by saying that any practice that has gained he loyalty of succeeding generations must deserve some measure of credibility

Question 6

Time criterion of truth

Answer 6

“My belief has stood the test of time”
Based on the assumption that if something is really erroneous the error will sooner or later come to light
Would Christians give up Christianity if they found an older religion?

Question 7

Emotion criterion of truth

Answer 7

Based in the subjective feelings of the individual to tell whether something is true or not

Question 8

Instinct criterion o f truth

Answer 8

Instincts are things like the compelling for water and food to survive
there is an argument that all instincts have a corresponding object in the world of reality
Since all people are religious than the counterpart, God, must exist

Question 9

Hunch criterion of truth

Answer 9

An impulsive generalization

An assumed truth from an unknown or unexplored source

Question 10

Intuition criterion of truth

Answer 10

“Intuitions are at best, sources of truth,and not exactly tests.
It is not a consistent source though

Question 11

Revelation criterion of truth

Answer 11

Much like intuition but the source is from God
When someone claims they have a revelation from God it is incumbent for him to prove it

An individual may accept revelation as a source of truth but he can’t depend on his experience as means o demonstrating to others its validity

Question 12

Majority rule criterion of truth

Answer 12

A statistical basis for the acceptance or rejection o assertions and proposals
Obviously we wouldn’t want scientific claims to be held to a vote to determine their validity

Question 13

Consensus gentian criterion of truth

Answer 13

The unanimous opinion of mankind is believed to have a validity higher than majority rule

Everyone believes that shouldn’t kill anyone for whatever reason…that’s the prove that you should not

Question 14

Naive realism criterion of truth

Answer 14

Accords to naive realism Thai Fs are in reality as the senses depict them
Only that which is subject to first hand observation is verifiable
“Unless I see it, i will not believe”

Think of ideas or phenomena that are beyond the scope of senses..like time
Imagine six pints of pencil pressing in your back at small space would give the sense of one point

Question 15

Correspondence criterion of truth

Answer 15

An idea which agrees with its object is necessarily true
How can you show the level o correspondence though. Is it a perfect correspondence?

It becomes merely a definition of truth and not truly a test. We would still need a test to determine the level of correspondence between what we think and what actually exists

Question 16

Authority criterion of truth

Answer 16

Opinions of highly trained men who have achieved a degree of success in a given area of specialization are regarded as acceptable evidence or proof

Ipse dixit-“I myself said so” is not enough, you must be duly qualified

Question 17

Pragmatic criterion of truth

Answer 17

If an idea works it must be accepted as true
Not all ideas that appear to be working are true.
William Ernest Hocking uses negative pragmatism-if something does not worn is can my be true because the the truth always works

Question 18

Loose or mere consistency criterion of truth

Answer 18

Correct but not necessarily related Statements are said to be consistent f they do not contradict one another
Snow is white
A ton of lead is heavy
These are true but lack cohesiveness. True proof lies in the relationships which integrate ISOLATED data into a coherent whole

Question 19

Rigorous consistency criterion of truth

Answer 19

Refers to connections between statements such that one proposition follows necessarily from another
If all A s are Bs and all Bs are Cs then all As are Cs
But how do you evaluate the INITAL condition or statement

Question 20

Objection of rigorous consistency

Answer 20

A system of philosophy may be rigorously consistent with only those facts which it has INCLUDED for consideration. An adequate criterion of truth must take ALL facts into consideration whether or not the new data is detrimental to the system

Question 21

Coherence criterion of truth

Answer 21

Refers to a SYSTEMATIC explanation of all the cat if experience. A person must arrange all pertinent facts so that there will be a proper RELATIONSHIP to one another consistently and cohesively as pasta if an integrated whole.

The authors say this is the best criterion of truth

Question 22

Limitation of coherence criterion of truth

Answer 22

Mans inability to obtain ALL FACTS IF EXPERIENCE
Only an omniscient mind possessed all face

But if you object to coherence than you imply a preference for incoherence which is absurd

Can there be several equally coherent systems, each containing all the acts of human experience?

Question 23

What is epistemology

Answer 23

The study of knowledge
Episteme-knowledge
Ology-study of