Part 1 - Diversity And Uniformity Of Life Flashcards
What are the similarities between a plant and a human on a cellular level?
Both have a selectively permeable membrane
Both has a nucleus with a nuclear membrane containing DNA which hold the genetic information
Both contain organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in a cytosol
What are the differences between humans and plants on a cellular level?
Plants have a fixed rectangular shaped cell due to the presence of cellulose in the cell wall
Plant cells contain chloroplasts
What does ‘compare’ mean when answering a scientific question?
Emphasis similarities
What does ‘contrast’ means in a scientific question?
Emphasis differences
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitive date?
Qualitative date is descriptive and can be observed, but it is not measured
Quantitive data is data that can be measured, it involves objective descriptive of quantities and gives rise to a numerical description
How would you define growth?
Growth is an increase in the number of cells over time
Are all things that grow alive?
Not necessarily consider and ice crystal, it grows as long as their is water and the right environment it will continue to grow
Define the term ‘hereditary’?
An organisms ability to pass characteristics from one generation to the next from parent to child, from tree to seedling, from butterfly to caterpillar, from yeast to daughter cells
What were the two different kinds of reproduction you encountered in topic 2?
Asexual and
Sexual reproduction
What is asexual reproduction?
Where only one parent is required and all offspring are genetically identical
What is sexual reproduction?
Where male and female gametes combine, meaning half he offsprings genes have come from the ‘father’ and half from the ‘mother’. Forming a unique individual
Which of the body’s macromolecules are responsible for storing hereditary information about an organisms traits and where it is found?
Heritable information about an organisms traits are stored as DNA in the nucleus
Describe the structure of DNA?
Double helix
With 2 long strands that form a ladder like structure
What bonds impart stability to the whole structure and bases of DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
What lye between the 2 stands in the structure of DNA?
Bases
That act as building blocks
They always match up in a particular fashion
And can be in any order
What are the 4 type of bases in a DNA helix?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
In double standard DNA what does the base thymine always pair up with?
Adenine
In a double stranded DNA what does guanine always pair with?
Cytosine
What are the two stands of the double helix of DNA made out of?
Chemically repeating Nucleotides
What are nucleotides?
They make up the strands from the double helix of DNA
They consist of 3 components that repeat themselves.
What are the 3 components that nucleotides consist of?
A phosphate group
A sugar
A base (building block eg adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)
The phosphate and sugar remain the same in every nucleotide but the base can differ
What type of sugar is present in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What is the full name of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the sugar-phosphate backbone?
It is the strand of alternating phosphates and sugars that join to form a long chain. These are attached to each other but also attach to the bases of DNA.
You will notice that the phosphate one nucleotide is joined to the sugar of another nucleotide
What is the complete set of genetic material that is found in each organisms cells referred to as?
Genome
Approximately how many bases make up the human genome?
3.2 billion bases
What is a DNA sequence?
It is the sequences of bases held in DNA in the order that they occur
E.g.
AGCTCGCAT
(Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
If a human genome has 3.2 billion bases? How many phosphates and sugars will the DNA withhold?
3.2 billion of each as they consist of 3 compounds
What are chromosomes?
They are essentially strings of an organisms genetic code, each consisting of one long DNA molecule attached to other molecules (mainly proteins)
How many chromosome do humans have? And what are the two different kinds of chromosomes?
A human cell has:
23 pairs of chromosomes
46 chromosomes in total
22 pairs of autosome chromosomes
1pair of sex chromosomes (that appear different to each other)
Can DNA be held anywhere else other than the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
A small about of DNA can also be located in the mitochondria (referred to as mitochondria DNA)
What analogy can be used to consider the compactness of DNA and the smartness of design of its chemical structure?
Imagine taking a shoelace, hold it firmly at one end and begin twisting it at the other end
As you twist the string appears shorted and shorted, eventually curling in on itself. Eventually the string will form a very compact structure
During which cellular process are chromosomes most conspicuous?
Chromosomes are most conspicuous during the process of mitosis
During what stage of mitosis are chromosomes aligned along the centre of the cell, when their most confessed state and their number, size and shape can be most easily studied?
Metaphase
What is a karyotype?
The array of chromosomes that a particular species possesses.
I.e. The human female karyotype and the male human karyotype
It shows the differences Between the set of 46 chromosomes
From looking at a human female karyotype and a human male karyotype how is it easy to compare the two?
The human female karyotype has two X chromosomes that look very similar. The human male karyotype has a single X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome.
If a karyotype of a certain species had a deviation in the number of chromosomes from the normal standard number what could this indicate?
It would have serious consequences for the organism in question
Such as developmental issues, learning disabilities, fertility problems
What bonds the two base pairs in the middle of a double helix?
Hydrogen bonds
If one of the key properties of DNA is stability, then why does DNA have a structure a bit like a zip fastener, which allows the two long stands of DNA to separate
So that they can replicate during mitosis
In DNA what is meant by the term complementary base pairs?
The two bases that form a pair
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - cytosine
A fragment of double stranded DNA has a total of 100 bases. This means that it has how many complementary base pairs?
50
I’m a DNA strand of 100 bases. Thirty of the 100 bases are C which always pair with?
G
Guanine
I’m a DNA strand of 100 bases. If 30 of the bases are C how many bases are G?
30
I’m a DNA strand of 100 bases. If 60 of the bases are either C or G, how many bases must be A AND T?
40
