Part 1 - Chapter 1 What Logic Studies

Question 0

A sentence that is either true or false.

Answer 0

Statement

Question 1

A group of statements of which one (the conclusion) is claimed to follow from the others (the premises)

Answer 1

Argument

Question 2

The information intended to provide support for a conclusion.

Answer 2

Premise

Question 3

The statement that is claimed to follow from the premises of an argument.

Answer 3

Conclusion

Question 4

The study of reasoning.

Answer 4

Logic

Question 5

Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called truth values.

Answer 5

Truth value

Question 6

The information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, it’s meaning.

Answer 6

Proposition

Question 7

A term used by logicians to refer to the reasoning process that is expressed by an argument.

Answer 7

Inference

Question 8

Words and phrases that indicate the presence of a conclusion (the statement claimed to follow from premises).

Answer 8

Conclusion indicator

Question 9

Words and phrases that help us recognize arguments by indicating the presence of premises (statements being offered in support of a conclusion).

Answer 9

Premise indicator

Question 10

If a passage expresses a reasoning process–that the conclusion follows from the premises–then we say that it makes an inferential claim.

Answer 10

Inferential claim

Question 11

An explanation provides reasons for why or how an event occurred. By themselves, explanations are not arguments; however, they can form part of an argument.

Answer 11

Explanation

Question 12

An argument in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Answer 12

Deductive argument

Question 13

An argument in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable. In other words, it is claimed that under the assumption that the premises are true it is improbable for the conclusion to be false.

Answer 13

Inductive argument

Question 15

An argument in which, assuming the premises as true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Answer 15

Valid deductive argument

Question 15

When logical analysis shows that a deductive argument is valid, and when truth value analysis of the premises shows they are all true, the argument is sound.

Answer 15

Sound argument

Question 16

An argument in which, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false. In other words, the conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises.

Answer 16

Invalid deductive argument

Question 17

If a deductive argument is invalid, or if at least one of the premises are false (truth value analysis), then the argument is unsound.

Answer 17

Unsound argument

Question 18

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true. In other words, if the premises are assumed to be true, then it is improbable that the conclusion is false.

Answer 18

Strong inductive argument

Question 19

A counterexample to a statement is evidence that shows the statement is false. A counterexample to an argument shows the possibility that premises assumed to be true do not make the conclusion necessarily true. A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that the argument is invalid.

Answer 19

Counterexample

Question 20

An argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is not probably true.

Answer 20

Weak inductive argument

Question 21

An inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true.

Answer 21

Cogent argument

Question 22

An inductive argument is uncogent if either or both of the following conditions hold: the argument is weak, or the argument has at least one false premise.

Answer 22

Uncogent argument