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Clinical Chemistry | Lecture > Part 1 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Part 1 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the hormones involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoid-Cortisol
Growth hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormones
Thyroxine (Thyroid hormone T4)
Incretins

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2
Q

Insulin is produced by?

A

B-cell of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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3
Q

It is known to be the unique organ inside the body because it has both EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

Why the pancreas is unique

A

Because it has Exocrine and Endocrine

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5
Q

What gland produces enzymes such as pancreatic amylase

A

Exocrine gland

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6
Q

What gland produces various hormones

A

Endocrine gland

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7
Q

What hormone is the primary hypoglycemic hormone because it lowers down the glucose level in the body

A

Insulin

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8
Q

Insulin is a primary __________ hormone because it lowers down the glucose level in the body

A

Hypoglycemic

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9
Q

Inactive form of insulin

A

Proinsulin

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10
Q

Activated by the removal of C peptide

A

Proinsulin

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11
Q

Proinsulin is activated by the removal of ____

A

C peptide

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12
Q

True or False
Without insulin, glucose cannot enter the cell

A

True

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13
Q

It is produced by Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

A

Glucagon

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14
Q

Glucagon is produced by?

A

Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas

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15
Q

It is known to be the primary hyperglycemic hormone because it increases the glucose level in the body

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

Glucagon primary ______ hormone because it increases the glucose level in the body

A

Hyperglycemic

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17
Q

It is released during stress and fasting states

A

Glucagon

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18
Q

Glucagon is released when a person is undergoing

A

Stress and fasting

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19
Q

Hormone that promotes Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

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20
Q

Glucagon promotes?

A

Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

It is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus

A

Somatostatin

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22
Q

What produces the Somatostatin

A

Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus

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23
Q

What is the hormone that increases plasma glucose

A

Somatostatin

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24
Q

Somatostatin increases ______

A

plasma glucose

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25
Q

What Somatostatin inhibits

A

Pituitary hormone and Pancreatic hormone

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26
Q

The pituitary is for?

A

Growth hormone and Thyrotropin

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27
Q

The pancreatic is for?

A

Insulin, Glucagon and Pancreatic polypeptide

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28
Q

Hormone that is being produced in the Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

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29
Q

Where is Epinephrine produced?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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30
Q

Where Somatostatin is being produced?

A

Delta cells of Islet of Langerhans in pancreas and hypothalamus

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31
Q

Hormone released during stress

A

Epinephrine

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32
Q

Hormone that increases plasma glucose by INHIBITING INSULIN SECRETION because there will no hormone that will lower down the glucose

A

Epinephrine

33
Q

What increases in Epinephrine

A

Glucogenolysis and Lipolysis

34
Q

Hormone that is being released from Adrenal Cortex on stimulation by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Glucocorticoid-Cortisol

35
Q

Where Glucocorticoid-cortisol is being released?

A

Adrenal cortex

36
Q

What hormone stimulates Glucocorticoid-cortisol?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

37
Q

What increase Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisol thereby increasing glucose

A

Caffeine and Nicotine

38
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is known as?

A

Precursor hormone

39
Q

_ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = _ Cortisol

A

Increase

40
Q

Cortisol Increases _____ by _____ intestinal entry into the cell

A

Plasma glucose, decreasing

41
Q

Prevents the action of insulin

A

Decrease in intestinal entry

42
Q

What increases In Glucocorticoid-cortisol?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glucogenolysis
Lipolysis

43
Q

What hormone increases plasma glucose by decreasing entry of glucose into the cells

A

Growth hormone

44
Q

What hormone is being released from Anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone

45
Q

Where Growth hormone is being released?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

46
Q

Growth hormone is being released from Anterior pituitary gland at is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by ____

A

Decreased glucose levels
Increased glucose

47
Q

What decreases in Growth hormone?

A

Glucose entry to cells

48
Q

What increases in Growth hormone

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

Hormone that is produced by the Anterior pituitary gland in response of low cortisol level?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

50
Q

Where is Andrenocorticotropic hormone is produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

51
Q

Why andrenocorticotropic hormone is being released in anterior pituitary gland

A

In response in low cortisol level

52
Q

In Adrenocorticotropic hormone it increase plasma glucose level by converting liver ______ to _____ that promotes _____

A

Glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis

53
Q

What is the process when liver covert glycogen to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

54
Q

In thyroxine hormone it ____ plasma glucose levels

A

Increases

55
Q

What increases in Thyroxine hormone?

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose of intestinal absorption

56
Q

known as Minor hormone

A

Incretins

57
Q

What hormone that is similar in peptides of insulin

A

Incretins

58
Q

Incretin effects refers to the greater and earlier insulin response to the _______ compared to _______

A

Oral administration
Intravenous glucose

59
Q

Most important incretins

A

GLP-1 or Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

60
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide rapidly stimulates what?

A

Insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying

61
Q

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide may also ____

A

Reduce appetite
Promote weight loss
Promote the release of insulin

62
Q

Incretins in in-vitro and animal studies

A

Inhibit beta cell apoptosis
Stimulate beta cell proliferation
Neogenesis from precursor duct cells
decrease alpha cell mass

63
Q

Plasma meal stimulated GLP-1 levels are _____

A

Decreased in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

64
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose - Pyruvate - Energy

65
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Non Carbohydrate - Glucose

66
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen - Glucose

67
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose - Glycogen

68
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Glucose - Fatty Acid

69
Q

Lipolysis

A

Fat - Glucose

70
Q

Number of Sugar Units in chain

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

71
Q

Simplest form of Carbohydrate

A

Monosaccharide

72
Q

What are Monosaccharied

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

73
Q

two unit sugar

A

Disaccharide

74
Q

What are DIsaccharide

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

75
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

76
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

77
Q

Sucrose

A

Fructose + Glucose

78
Q

> 10 units of Sugar

A

Polysaccharide

79
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Starch
Glycogen

Clinical Chemistry | Lecture (1 decks)

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