Part 1 - Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are the hormones involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism?
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoid-Cortisol
Growth hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormones
Thyroxine (Thyroid hormone T4)
Incretins
Insulin is produced by?
B-cell of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
It is known to be the unique organ inside the body because it has both EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE
Pancreas
Why the pancreas is unique
Because it has Exocrine and Endocrine
What gland produces enzymes such as pancreatic amylase
Exocrine gland
What gland produces various hormones
Endocrine gland
What hormone is the primary hypoglycemic hormone because it lowers down the glucose level in the body
Insulin
Insulin is a primary __________ hormone because it lowers down the glucose level in the body
Hypoglycemic
Inactive form of insulin
Proinsulin
Activated by the removal of C peptide
Proinsulin
Proinsulin is activated by the removal of ____
C peptide
True or False
Without insulin, glucose cannot enter the cell
True
It is produced by Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
Glucagon
Glucagon is produced by?
Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
It is known to be the primary hyperglycemic hormone because it increases the glucose level in the body
Glucagon
Glucagon primary ______ hormone because it increases the glucose level in the body
Hyperglycemic
It is released during stress and fasting states
Glucagon
Glucagon is released when a person is undergoing
Stress and fasting
Hormone that promotes Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
Glucagon promotes?
Glycogenesis and Gluconeogenesis
It is produced by the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus
Somatostatin
What produces the Somatostatin
Delta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and hypothalamus
What is the hormone that increases plasma glucose
Somatostatin
Somatostatin increases ______
plasma glucose
What Somatostatin inhibits
Pituitary hormone and Pancreatic hormone
The pituitary is for?
Growth hormone and Thyrotropin
The pancreatic is for?
Insulin, Glucagon and Pancreatic polypeptide
Hormone that is being produced in the Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Where is Epinephrine produced?
Adrenal Medulla
Where Somatostatin is being produced?
Delta cells of Islet of Langerhans in pancreas and hypothalamus
Hormone released during stress
Epinephrine
Hormone that increases plasma glucose by INHIBITING INSULIN SECRETION because there will no hormone that will lower down the glucose
Epinephrine
What increases in Epinephrine
Glucogenolysis and Lipolysis
Hormone that is being released from Adrenal Cortex on stimulation by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Glucocorticoid-Cortisol
Where Glucocorticoid-cortisol is being released?
Adrenal cortex
What hormone stimulates Glucocorticoid-cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
What increase Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisol thereby increasing glucose
Caffeine and Nicotine
Adrenocorticotropic hormone is known as?
Precursor hormone
_ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = _ Cortisol
Increase
Cortisol Increases _____ by _____ intestinal entry into the cell
Plasma glucose, decreasing
Prevents the action of insulin
Decrease in intestinal entry
What increases In Glucocorticoid-cortisol?
Gluconeogenesis
Glucogenolysis
Lipolysis
What hormone increases plasma glucose by decreasing entry of glucose into the cells
Growth hormone
What hormone is being released from Anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone
Where Growth hormone is being released?
Anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone is being released from Anterior pituitary gland at is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by ____
Decreased glucose levels
Increased glucose
What decreases in Growth hormone?
Glucose entry to cells
What increases in Growth hormone
Glycolysis
Hormone that is produced by the Anterior pituitary gland in response of low cortisol level?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Where is Andrenocorticotropic hormone is produced?
Anterior pituitary gland
Why andrenocorticotropic hormone is being released in anterior pituitary gland
In response in low cortisol level
In Adrenocorticotropic hormone it increase plasma glucose level by converting liver ______ to _____ that promotes _____
Glycogen to glucose
Gluconeogenesis
What is the process when liver covert glycogen to glucose?
Glycogenolysis
In thyroxine hormone it ____ plasma glucose levels
Increases
What increases in Thyroxine hormone?
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose of intestinal absorption
known as Minor hormone
Incretins
What hormone that is similar in peptides of insulin
Incretins
Incretin effects refers to the greater and earlier insulin response to the _______ compared to _______
Oral administration
Intravenous glucose
Most important incretins
GLP-1 or Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide rapidly stimulates what?
Insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide may also ____
Reduce appetite
Promote weight loss
Promote the release of insulin
Incretins in in-vitro and animal studies
Inhibit beta cell apoptosis
Stimulate beta cell proliferation
Neogenesis from precursor duct cells
decrease alpha cell mass
Plasma meal stimulated GLP-1 levels are _____
Decreased in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Glycolysis
Glucose - Pyruvate - Energy
Gluconeogenesis
Non Carbohydrate - Glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen - Glucose
Glycogenesis
Glucose - Glycogen
Lipogenesis
Glucose - Fatty Acid
Lipolysis
Fat - Glucose
Number of Sugar Units in chain
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Simplest form of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
What are Monosaccharied
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
two unit sugar
Disaccharide
What are DIsaccharide
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
Lactose
Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose
Fructose + Glucose
> 10 units of Sugar
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
