Part 1: Basics of Pharmacology in Rehabilitation Flashcards
Chemical Name
Long, awkward, not useful clinically
Generic Name
Short hand version of the chemical name
Trade Name
Marketing tool to achieve name recognition
Patent life of a drug
~20 years
Government agency that oversees drug testing/approval process
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Phases of Drug Testing
Preclinical Trials Clinical Trials: Phase I (Healthy volunteer) 1 year Phase II: Small pt sample 2 years Phase III: Large pt sample 3 years Phase 4: Post marketing surveillance
Pharmacokinetics
How the body handles the drugs
Pharmacodynamics
How the drugs affect the body
Factors of Pharmacokinetics
Administration; Absorption; Distribution; Storage; Elimination
Enteral
Using the GI tract for administration
Parenteral
Not using the GI tract for administration
Enteral route trade off
Simple, easy; less predictable absorption
Parenteral route trade off
More difficult, inconvenient; more predictable absorption
Odds of drug approval
5000 compounds—>5 clinical trials—->1 approved
Implications of drug testing/approval
Drug costs
Availability
Failure to identify side effects
Who can prescribe prescription meds?
Physician
Dentist
Who can suggest drugs?
Physician
Dentist
NOT PT
Absorption/Distribution affected by
Administration route
Chemical properties of drug
Various barriers and carriers
Storage sites
Fat, muscle, bone, liver, kidneys
Primary problems of storage
Local tissue damage
Redistribution: stored drug leaks out
Metabolism of drugs
Primarily liver
Changes to inactive or less active metabolite
Excretion of drugs
Primarily kidneys
Drug excreted from body
Isozymes
Different forms of the same enzyme. Typical between genders
Pharmacogenetics
Using a persons gene background to guide prescription
Enteral Adminstration routes
Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal
Parenteral Administration routes
Injection
Inhalation
Topical
Transdermal
Bioavailability
Percent of the administered dose that appears in the bloodstream
First pass effect
Some of the drug can be destroyed during the first pass through the liver
Enzymes metabolize the drug via
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation
Off-labeling
Prescription of a drug for a purpose that has not been approved by the FDA
Active metabolites
Some metabolites can continue to exert effects and side effects for prolonged periods
Half-life
Amount of time required for 50% of the active form of the drug to be eliminated
