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Polymer Chemistry > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Charles Goodyears role

A

vulcanisation of rubber

with sulphur L1

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2
Q

C. Schönberg

A

Gun cotton

(nitrocellulose) L1

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3
Q

Leo Baekeland

A

Bakelite L1

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4
Q

Staudinger

A

Introduction of macromolecule concept L1

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5
Q

Wallace Carothers

A

concepts of addition & step growth polymers
•neoprene
•polyesters
•nylons L1

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6
Q

Paul J. Flory

A

Develops most of
the theoretical basis
in polymer science L1

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7
Q

Karl Ziegler and Natta

A

Development of catalysts for stereoregular polymzn of ethylene & propylene L1

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8
Q

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

A

Scaling laws, reptation L1

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9
Q

Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa

A

development of conductive

polymers L1

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10
Q

Chauvin, Grubbs, Schrock

A

development of metathesis methods

in organic synthesis L1

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11
Q

Fenn, Tanaka, Wüthrich

A

Methods for identification and structural

analysis of biomacromolecules L1

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12
Q

Draw polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Ethylene oxide

A

Slide 16 L1

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13
Q

Draw synthesis of nylonX and nylon X,X

A

Slide 17 L1

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14
Q

Draw polyisoprene, polyvinylchloride, polyacrylonitrile

A

Slide 18 L1

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15
Q

Draw polybutadiene, polyvinylacetate and polymethylacrylate

A

Slide 18,19 L1

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16
Q

Draw teflon, polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinylacetate

A

Slide 19 L1

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17
Q

Describe a natural polymer

A 
from vegetable or animal sources
polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, etc.)
proteins (wool, silk, etc.)
natural rubber
(DNA, RNA ...) L1
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18
Q

Describe an artificial polymer

A

from chemical modification of natural polymers

nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate … L1

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19
Q

Describe a synthetic polymer

A

fully synthesized by humans through the

polymerization of monomers L1

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20
Q

Draw a homopolymer, alternating copolymer and graft copolymer

A

Slide 34 L1

21
Q

Draw a telechelic polymer, random copolymer and a block copolymer

A

Slide 34 L1

22
Q

Draw a linear, branched, hyperbranched and star polymer. + polymer network.

A

Slide 36 L1

23
Q

Draw a isotactic polymer

A

Slide 37 L1

24
Q

Draw a syndiotactic polymer

A

Slide 37 L1

25
Q

What describes a short chain polymer

A

Short chains
: low viscosity, rapid diffusion, low strength
Large chains
: high viscosity, slow diffusion, high strength

26
Q

What describes a long chain polymer

A

Short chains
: low viscosity, rapid diffusion, low strength
Large chains
: high viscosity, slow diffusion, high strength

27
Q

Formula for number average molecular weight

A

Slide 43 L1

28
Q

Formula for PDI

A

Slide 44 L1

29
Q

Formula for weight average molecular weight

A

Slide 44 L1

30
Q

What is Step growth polymerization

A

Step growth polymers formed by step growth mechanism They include the condensation polymers and some polymers such as polyurethanes, which grow by a step reaction mechanism without elimination of small molecules L2

31
Q

What are the general features of step growth polymerization

A 
• Any two molecular species can
react.
• Monomer disappears early.
• Polymer MW rises throughout.
• Growth of chains is usually slow
(minutes to days).
• Long reaction times increase MW,
but yield of polymer hardly changes.
• All molecular species are present
throughout.
• Usually (but not always) polymer
repeat unit has fewer atoms than had
the monomer (elimination of small
molecules).
32
Q

Draw the mechanism for formation of polyurethanes

A

Slide 11 L2

33
Q

Carothers equation?

A 
Xn = 1/(1 p)
Xn = N0/N
P = (N0 N)/N 0 or N= N 0 (1 p)

Xn: number average chain length
P : the extent of the reaction at time t
N0 : original number of molecules in an A B monomer system
N: number of all molecules remaining after t
N0 N: the total number of functional groups of either A or B that have reacted

34
Q

What can go wrong in Step Growth Polymerization

A
  • Impurities containing only one functional group.
  • Impurities that poison the catalyst (if used).
  • Decomposition of monomer.
  • Unwanted side reactions.
  • Physical loss of monomer during reaction.
  • Stoichiometric imbalance.
35
Q

What is needed in Step Growth Polymerization

A
  • Extremely pure ingredients.
  • Clean, very high yield reactions.
  • At least moderate reaction rates.
  • Precise balance of functional groups.
36
Q

Draw the structure of Kevlar and Nomex

A

Slide 21 L2

37
Q

Draw out the synthesis of polycarbonates.

A

Slide 35 L2

38
Q

How is the divergent iterative synthesis of dendrimers

A 
1. From central core to
periphery
2. Core molecules grow
Periphery unit
unchanged
3. Disadvantage: incomplete
reaction difficult purification
39
Q

How is the convergent iterative synthesis of dendrimers

A
  1. From periphery to central core
  2. Periphery units grow
    Core molecules—unchanged
40
Q

Describe chain-growth polymerization:

A

Monomer does not react with monomer and the different sized species such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, and n-mer do not react with each other
Takes place by monomer reacting only with the active center

41
Q

Draw out the initiation, propargation and termination of chain growth polymerization

A

Initiation
I->I*
I* + M -> IM*

Propargation:
IM(n)* + M -> IM(n+1)*

Termination
IM(n)* + IM(m)* -> Dead polymer
or
IM(n)* + X -> Dear polymer

Chain transfer:
IM(n) + A -> P(n) + A*

42
Q

Which type of chain growth polymerization can ethylene, styrene and (Meth)acrylonitrile undergo?

A

Radical Cationic Anionic
+-+
+++
+-+

43
Q

Which type of chain growth polymerization can alpha-olefins, Halegonated alkenes and (Meth)acrylamides undergo?

A

Radical Cationic Anionic
–+
+–
+-+

44
Q

Which type of chain growth polymerization can 1,1-dialkylalkene, vinylesters and Vinyl ethers undergo?

A

Radical Cationic Anionic
-+-
+–
-+-

45
Q

Which type of chain growth polymerization can 1,3-dienes, (Meth)acrylates and N-Vinyl pyrrolidone undergo?

A

Radical Cationic Anionic
+++
+-+
++-

46
Q

What initiators exist in free-radical polymerization

A

Peroxides, azocompounds,

47
Q

What are the two terminations steps in free radical polymerization? DRAW you lazy idiot.

A

Combination and disproportionation

48
Q

The main features of a radical polymerization

A
  1. A high molar mass polymer is formed immediately when the reaction begins, and the average chain length shows little variation throughout the course of the polymerization
  2. The monomer concentration decreases steadily throughout the reaction
  3. Only the active center can react with the monomer and add units onto the chain one after the other
  4. Long reaction times increase the polymer yield, but not the molar mass of the polymer

Polymer Chemistry (2 decks)

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