PART 1

Question 1

Which bacteria can infect the intact epithelium to cause bacterial keratitis?

Answer 1

Haemophilus, Listeria, Neisseria, Corynebacterium

Question 2

Retinoblastoma occurs due to?

Answer 2

A mutation in the tumour supressor gene

Question 3

Retinoblastoma usually spreads via?

Answer 3

Bloodstream

Question 4

How does atropine work?

Answer 4

It’s an anti-muscurinic, reduces parasymp input

Question 5

Ethambutol and Isoniazid (anti-TB meds) are associated with which ocular side effect?

Answer 5

Optic neuritis

Question 6

Wearing contact lens causes what to the cornea?

Answer 6

1. Increased lactate 2. Thickened corneal stroma due to impairement of deturgescent mechanism

Question 7

What is the deturgescent mechanism in the cornea?

Answer 7

The mechanism which keeps the cornea dehydrated to make it transparent

Question 8

The SRK formula requires what 3 values?

Answer 8

1. A constant 2. Arithmetic mean of keratometry values 3. Axial length

Question 9

What 3 things increase the risk of pigment dispersion syndrome?

Answer 9

1. Concavity of the mid-peripheral iris 2. Myopia 3. Long axial length

Question 10

Stevens Johnsons syndrome is an example of which hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 10

IV

Question 11

Graves Disease is an example of which hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 11

V

Question 12

Which drugs can stimulate Stevens Johnsons Syndrome?

Answer 12

Sulphonamides, penicillins, phenytoin

Question 13

Which viruses can stimulate Stevens Johnsons syndrome?

Answer 13

HSV, HIV

Question 14

What else can stimulate Stevens Johnsons Syndrome besides drugs and viruses?

Answer 14

Cancer

Question 15

What stain is used for acanthomoeba?

Answer 15

Calcofluor white with fluorescence UV lighting

Question 16

What culture medium is used for acanthamoeba?

Answer 16

Non-nutrient agar overlaid with E Coli

Question 17

The p value tells you what?

Answer 17

The chance of a Type 1 error (the chance of inferring a real difference when there isn’t one i.e. the null hypothesis being falsely rejected)

Question 18

An alpha value is the same as?

Answer 18

P value

Question 19

What acid-base disturbance does acetazolamide cause and how?

Answer 19

Metabolic acidosis

By increasing renal excretion of bicarb

Question 20

HLA is coded by genes in what chromosome?

Answer 20

6

Question 21

In what kind of glaucoma does peripheral iridotomy NOT help?

Answer 21

Glaucoma with associated scleral buckling

Question 22

Wth is scleral buckling?

Answer 22

A surgery where you literally put a buckle round the eye to treat retinal detachment

Question 23

What conditions involves deposits of amyloid chains?

Answer 23

Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia and MM

Question 24

When would you use the Bonferri correction?

Answer 24

When multiple testing has occured, to reduced Type 1 error

Question 25

How does the antifungal imidazole work?

Answer 25

By preventing cell wall synthesis

Question 26

Brimonidine and apraclonidine are what kind of drugs?

Answer 26

Alpha 2 agonists

Question 27

What's the most common SE of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 27

Allergic conjunctivitis (might be delayed up to a year after initial use)

Question 28

When used with prisms, which test is best for testing a TROPIA only, not a PHORIA

Answer 28

Simultaneous prism cover test

Question 29

A frontal lobe lesions causes deviation of the eyes to which side?

Answer 29

Towards the lesion

Question 30

Myopia is commonly associated with?

Answer 30

Exophoria, cos lack of drive to accomodate and converge

Question 31

Myopia is increased by?

Answer 31

Lenticular nuclear sclerosis

Question 32

MAOi work by?

Answer 32

Increasing adrenaline by decreasing its metabolism/breakdown

Question 33

What does the COMT enzyme do?

Answer 33

Metabolises adrenaline intracellularly

Question 34

The lens arises embryologically from?

Answer 34

Surface ectoderm

Question 35

Macrophages are involved in which hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 35

IV

Question 36

What are the 4 corneal stromas dystrophies?

Answer 36

1. Schneider 2. Macular 3. Avellino 4. Lattice

Question 37

What part of the eye does Meesman's dystrophy affect?

Answer 37

The corneal stroma

Question 38

CMV retinitis can lead to?

Answer 38

Retinal detachment

Question 39

How do you treat pseudomonas?

Answer 39

Levofloxacin alone OR Ceph/Vanc AND Gent

Question 40

What age would you use Cardiff cards?

Answer 40

1-2 years

Question 41

What age would you use Kay pictures?

Answer 41

2 years

Question 42

What age would you use Sheridan Gardner cards?

Answer 42

3 years +

Question 43

How does pilocarpine work?

Answer 43

Increases outflow via trabecular meshwork and constricts pupil