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Part 1 Ophth > PART 1 > Flashcards

PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria can infect the intact epithelium to cause bacterial keratitis?

A

Haemophilus, Listeria, Neisseria, Corynebacterium

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2
Q

Retinoblastoma occurs due to?

A

A mutation in the tumour supressor gene

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3
Q

Retinoblastoma usually spreads via?

A

Bloodstream

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4
Q

How does atropine work?

A

It’s an anti-muscurinic, reduces parasymp input

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5
Q

Ethambutol and Isoniazid (anti-TB meds) are associated with which ocular side effect?

A

Optic neuritis

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6
Q

Wearing contact lens causes what to the cornea?

A
  1. Increased lactate 2. Thickened corneal stroma due to impairement of deturgescent mechanism
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7
Q

What is the deturgescent mechanism in the cornea?

A

The mechanism which keeps the cornea dehydrated to make it transparent

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8
Q

The SRK formula requires what 3 values?

A
  1. A constant 2. Arithmetic mean of keratometry values 3. Axial length
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9
Q

What 3 things increase the risk of pigment dispersion syndrome?

A
  1. Concavity of the mid-peripheral iris 2. Myopia 3. Long axial length
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10
Q

Stevens Johnsons syndrome is an example of which hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IV

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11
Q

Graves Disease is an example of which hypersensitivity reaction?

A

V

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12
Q

Which drugs can stimulate Stevens Johnsons Syndrome?

A

Sulphonamides, penicillins, phenytoin

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13
Q

Which viruses can stimulate Stevens Johnsons syndrome?

A

HSV, HIV

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14
Q

What else can stimulate Stevens Johnsons Syndrome besides drugs and viruses?

A

Cancer

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15
Q

What stain is used for acanthomoeba?

A

Calcofluor white with fluorescence UV lighting

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16
Q

What culture medium is used for acanthamoeba?

A

Non-nutrient agar overlaid with E Coli

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17
Q

The p value tells you what?

A

The chance of a Type 1 error (the chance of inferring a real difference when there isn’t one i.e. the null hypothesis being falsely rejected)

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18
Q

An alpha value is the same as?

A

P value

19
Q

What acid-base disturbance does acetazolamide cause and how?

A

Metabolic acidosis

By increasing renal excretion of bicarb

20
Q

HLA is coded by genes in what chromosome?

A

6

21
Q

In what kind of glaucoma does peripheral iridotomy NOT help?

A

Glaucoma with associated scleral buckling

22
Q

Wth is scleral buckling?

A

A surgery where you literally put a buckle round the eye to treat retinal detachment

23
Q

What conditions involves deposits of amyloid chains?

A

Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia and MM

24
Q

When would you use the Bonferri correction?

A

When multiple testing has occured, to reduced Type 1 error

25
Q

How does the antifungal imidazole work?

A

By preventing cell wall synthesis

26
Q

Brimonidine and apraclonidine are what kind of drugs?

A

Alpha 2 agonists

27
Q

What’s the most common SE of alpha 2 agonists?

A

Allergic conjunctivitis (might be delayed up to a year after initial use)

28
Q

When used with prisms, which test is best for testing a TROPIA only, not a PHORIA

A

Simultaneous prism cover test

29
Q

A frontal lobe lesions causes deviation of the eyes to which side?

A

Towards the lesion

30
Q

Myopia is commonly associated with?

A

Exophoria, cos lack of drive to accomodate and converge

31
Q

Myopia is increased by?

A

Lenticular nuclear sclerosis

32
Q

MAOi work by?

A

Increasing adrenaline by decreasing its metabolism/breakdown

33
Q

What does the COMT enzyme do?

A

Metabolises adrenaline intracellularly

34
Q

The lens arises embryologically from?

A

Surface ectoderm

35
Q

Macrophages are involved in which hypersensitivity reaction?

A

IV

36
Q

What are the 4 corneal stromas dystrophies?

A
  1. Schneider 2. Macular 3. Avellino 4. Lattice
37
Q

What part of the eye does Meesman’s dystrophy affect?

A

The corneal stroma

38
Q

CMV retinitis can lead to?

A

Retinal detachment

39
Q

How do you treat pseudomonas?

A

Levofloxacin alone
OR
Ceph/Vanc AND Gent

40
Q

What age would you use Cardiff cards?

A

1-2 years

41
Q

What age would you use Kay pictures?

A

2 years

42
Q

What age would you use Sheridan Gardner cards?

A

3 years +

43
Q

How does pilocarpine work?

A

Increases outflow via trabecular meshwork and constricts pupil

Part 1 Ophth (2 decks)

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