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Bone metabolism, biochemistry, physiology and pathology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the bone and the skeletal system?

A
  1. For protection and assistance on movement
  2. For blood generation - red bone marrow
  3. Triglyceride storage - Yellow bone marrow
  4. Mineral homeostasis
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2
Q

Describe the structure of the bone

A 
Diaphysis - Main shaft of bone 
Epiphyses - Proximal and distal end 
Metaphyses - Neck region (Epiphyseal line - growth)
Articular cartilage 
Periosteum 
Medullary cavity and endosteum
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3
Q

What is calcification?

A

It is the deposition of minerals in a framework provided by collagen.

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4
Q

What does calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide form?

A

It forms Calcium hydroxyapatite

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5
Q

Where does mineralization occur?

A

It occurs between spaces in collagen, there is an increase in mineral content around collagen.

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6
Q

What occurs when mineralization starts to form around the collagen?

A

Start to see crystalline salts forming around collagen which increases hardness of the structure.

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7
Q

What does collagen provide?

A

It provides tensile strength and elasticity

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8
Q

What does osteogenic cells do?

A

They are stem cells which can differentiate into osteoblasts, in the inner periosteum and endosteum as wellas in the cannals within bone.

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9
Q

What do osteobalsts do?

A

They synthesis and secrete collagen fibers for extracellular matrix and can also become osteocytes. (they also form bone matrix)

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10
Q

What are osteocytes and what do they do?

A

They are mature bone cells that maintain regular bone metabolism of exchange in nutrients and blood, they do not divide (post mitotic cells) (main bone tissue)

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11
Q

What is resortion?

A

The breakdown of extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What are osteoclasts and what do they do?

A

They are large cells formed by fusion of around 50 monocytes mostly in endosteum and they produce lysosomal enzymes to break down extracelluar matrix

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13
Q

The medullary cavity is where you find spongy bone leading to compact bone. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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14
Q

What percentage of bone structure is compact bone?

A

80%

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15
Q

Compact bone is the main structure for protection, movement and resistance to mechanical stress related to movement and weight. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What are volkmann cannals?

A

They are cannals where blood vessels passes through the bone, these have concentric lamellae which form around these blood vessels.

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17
Q

What forms the osteons?

A

They are formed by blood vessels in the volkmann cannals surrounded by concentric lamellae

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18
Q

What forms between osteons?

A

Interstitial lamellae forms in between osteons

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19
Q

Lamellae in the in the lattice of columns makes up most of short, flat and irregular bones. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

20
Q

Hemopoesis occurs in the red bone marrow within the trabeculae. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

21
Q

Describe function of periosteum?

A

Rich in sensory nerves
Sensitive for tearing or tension
Severe pain from fractures or bone tumors

22
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Removal of old bone tissue with a new one

23
Q

What is bone resportion and deposition?

A

Resorption is the removal of minerals and fibers by osteoclasts
Deposition is the deposition of minerals and fibers by osteoblasts

24
Q

What are the benefits for bone remodeling?

A

Bones can become stronger and shape can be altered

25
Q

What factors affect bone remodeling?

A

Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals

26
Q

Vitamin A stimulates osteoblasts, Vitamin C for collagen sythesis vitamin D increases bone resorption fro GIT and vitamin K and B12 synthesis bone protein. ARE AL THESE STATEMENTS TRUE PR FALSE?

A

TRUE

27
Q

Describe the events of Formation of fracture hematoma

A

clot 6-8 hours after injury/circulation at site of injury stops and bone cells die in this area, causing swelling, inflammation and phagocytosis - osteoclasts activity.

28
Q

Describe the events of fribrocartilaginous callus

A

fibroblasts from periosteum migrate and produce collagen, chondroblasts produce fibrocartilage which takes around 3 weeks.

29
Q

In bone remodeling compact bone is not replaced with spongy bone. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

30
Q

in bony callus formation fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

31
Q

Bone is the main reservoir of calcium ions. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

32
Q

Changes in calcium levels can have serious consequences, such as increasing cardiac arrest and decrease in respiration. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

33
Q

Bone releases Ca by osteoclasts if levels decrease and absorbes Ca by osteoblasts if levels increase. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

34
Q

Calcitrol is not the active form of vitamin D. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

35
Q

Parathyroid hormone works to increase plasma calcium. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

36
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

It reduces calcium serum, by inhibiting osteoclasts, which increases calcium deposition in the bone

37
Q

What disease can calcitonin be used to treat?

A

Osteoporosis, slowing bone resorption

38
Q

What are metabolic bone diseases?

A

Groups of disorders where there are disturbance in bone formation and resorption

39
Q

What are the different types of metabolic bone diseases?

A

Osteoporosis (common) loss of height/fractures
Paget’s disease (common) pain in hips
Osteomalacia (uncommon) it is generalized bone pain and muscle weakness

40
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

It is a generalized reduction of bone mass/ increased fragility and predisposition to fractures

41
Q

There is an accelerated bone loss in females during menopause. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

42
Q

Males do not tend to develop osteoporosis due to administration of glucocorticoids. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

43
Q

What are the etiological factors for osteoporosis?

A

Genetic factors
Age
Administration of glucocorticoids
Menopausal women

44
Q

What do bisphophonates and strontium ronelate do?

A

Bisphophonates inhibits resorption

Strontium ronelate inhibits resorption and stimulates formation

45
Q

What are the complications of paget’s disease?

A

Enlarged skull
Nerve decompression
deafness
Development of osteosarcoma

46
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Inadequate mineralization of osteoids, softening of bones. Most cases are due to lack of vitamin D

47
Q

What are the treatment of osteomalacia?

A

Treat with sun exposure and vitamin D

Bone metabolism, biochemistry, physiology and pathology (1 decks)

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